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Individuals were divided into four groups based on their BMI percentiles: normal, underweight, overweight, and obese. FD measurements, Mental Index (MI), and Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) were evaluated. Kruskal-Wallis Test, Pearson Chi-Square Test, and Wilcoxon Test were used in the comparison of parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MI and PMI values differed significantly among BMI groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025, respectively). Specifically, obese individuals had higher MI and PMI values compared to those in the other BMI categories. A statistically significant difference was also observed in FD premolar-canine values \u200b\u200bamong BMI categories (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, no significant differences were found for FD premolar-molar, FD angulus, and FD condyle values \u200b\u200bacross BMI groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mandibular cortex thickness (MI) values were thicker in obese and overweight adults, and PMI values were higher in obese individuals compared to lean individuals. However, only FD values measured in the premolar-canine region were observed to be lower in lean individuals compared to the other groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings demonstrate that BMI values \u200b\u200bsignificantly affect mandibular cortical bone structure. Structural differences in cortical and trabecular bone may impact surgical procedures such as implant planning. Therefore, mandibular bone structure should be assessed preoperatively in cases of obesity and underweight to optimize primary stability and long-term success.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06833-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T04:58:34Z","timestamp":1777265914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of body mass index on mandibular bone architecture: a retrospective fractal dimension and radiomorphometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebiha Gozde","family":"Ispir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1767-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulsun","family":"Akay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6336-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kahraman","family":"Gungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"6833_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Obesity. 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