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Risk of bias was assessed according to the RoB 2.0 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 1244 studies initially screened, 16 randomized clinical trials were included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Studies assessed the effects of the following chemical agents: Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), Essential Oils (EOs); Chlorhexidine (CHX), Ozonated water (OW) and Boric Acid (BA). Overall, the meta-analysis showed that the adjunctive use of CA as subgingival irrigation did not provide additional benefit in PPD reduction, CAL gain, and BOP compared with controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Most studies raised some concerns with risk of bias, and 2 showed a high risk of bias.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adjunctive use of chemical agents in subgingival irrigation during NSPT for periodontitis patients does not appear to provide additional benefit over NSPT alone, although evidence levels are low to very low.\n                      <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                      : CA are frequently used as adjuncts to NSPT, despite uncertainty regarding their real clinical contribution. The findings of this study help clinicians make more evidence-based decisions and avoid unnecessary use of adjunctive subgingival irrigation strategies during periodontal treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06909-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:14:11Z","timestamp":1778642051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of subgingival irrigation with chemical agents as adjuvants to non-surgical periodontal therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Marcela Iunes","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa Carvalho Martins","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa M","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain L C","family":"Chapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Carvalho","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel da Silva","family":"Rovai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6909_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N et al (2018) Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. 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