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Combined fixed lingual plus removable retention (group 1,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009148 arches) comprised CAD\/CAM Memotain, conventional multistranded stainless-steel (Twistflex), and robotically bent retainers; group 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200978 arches) received removable retention only. Digital model superimposition using a three-dimensional tooth-specific coordinate system quantified rotational and translational tooth movements, Little\u2019s Irregularity Index (LII), transverse arch widths, and bonding failures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined fixed and removable retention showed higher stability than removable-only retention (55% vs. 33% stable arches). Removable retention increased the odds of moderate-to-severe instability (maxilla OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.74\u201310.98; mandible OR 14.35, 95% CI 3.24\u201363.56), whereas fixed lingual retention was protective (maxilla OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09\u20130.58; mandible OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02\u20130.31). Instability mainly involved canine rotations and vertical translations. Robotically bent and CAD\/CAM Memotain retainers showed the lowest movement magnitudes and variability, with minimal LII increases. Intercanine and intermolar widths remained stable across fixed retainers. Bonding failures (25%) strongly predicted severe instability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three-dimensional tooth movements during retention mainly involve canine rotations and vertical translations. All fixed retainer designs (Twistflex, CAD\/CAM-fabricated, and robotically bent) provided greater stability than removable-only retention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All fixed retainer designs require regular monitoring of bonding integrity; digitally fabricated and robotically bent retainers demonstrated marginally lower dimensional variability, which may be clinically relevant over longer observation periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06929-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T02:40:24Z","timestamp":1779504024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-dimensional stability during orthodontic retention: A comparative analysis of conventional, CAD\/CAM-fabricated, and robotically bent fixed retainers versus removable appliances"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jeannine","family":"K\u00f6ck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Niederau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Al-Sakati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Knaup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6929_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin C, Littlewood SJ, Millett DT et al (2023, 2023) Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces. 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