{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:46:29Z","timestamp":1782456389867,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L242134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L242134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06947-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:28:01Z","timestamp":1780396081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating deep learning techniques for analysis of chin morphology among Han Chinese individuals using a large cone-beam computed tomography dataset"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Boxuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changcheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaichen","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuru","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6947_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81008-X","volume":"104","author":"ST Czarnecki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Czarnecki ST, Nanda RS, Currier GF (1993) Perceptions of a balanced facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 104(2):180\u2013187","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"6947_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00451101","volume":"19","author":"B Guyuron","year":"1995","unstructured":"Guyuron B, Michelow BJ, Willis L (1995) Practical classification of chin deformities. Aesthetic Plast Surg 19(3):257\u2013264","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6947_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.02.015","volume":"150","author":"RC Solem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solem RC, Ruellas A, Ricks-Oddie JL et al (2016) Congenital and acquired mandibular asymmetry: Mapping growth and remodeling in 3 dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 150(2):238\u2013251","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/00016355509028170","volume":"13","author":"A Bjork","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bjork A (1955) Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants. Acta Odontol Scand 13(1):9\u201334","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01142-2","volume":"20","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen G, Al Awadi M, Chambers DW et al (2020) The three-dimensional stable mandibular landmarks in patients between the ages of 12.5 and 17.1 years. BMC Oral Health 20(1):153","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6947_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.07.014","volume":"161","author":"Y Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan Y, Zhang Y, Chen G et al (2022) Automated assessment of mandibular shape asymmetry in 3-dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 161(5):698\u2013707","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"7","key":"6947_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520915714","volume":"99","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwendicke F, Samek W, Krois J (2020) Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Chances and Challenges. J Dent Res 99(7):769\u2013774","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"6947_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2023.100216","volume":"4","author":"PK Mall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mall PK, Singh PK, Srivastav S et al (2023) A comprehensive review of deep neural networks for medical image processing: Recent developments and future opportunities. Healthc Analytics 4:100216","journal-title":"Healthc Analytics"},{"key":"6947_CR9","volume-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015","author":"O Ronneberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T (2015) U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. In: Navab N, Hornegger J, Wells W, Frangi A (eds) Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9351. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"6947_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao X (2025) Medical Image Segmentation Based on Different U-Net Variants. In: 2025 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Image Processing and Computer Applications (ICIPCA). : 667\u2013672","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIPCA65645.2025.11138736"},{"key":"6947_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01008-z","volume":"18","author":"F Isensee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Isensee F, Jaeger PF, Kohl SAA et al (2021) nnU-Net: a self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation. Nat Methods 18:203\u2013211","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"6947_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105398","volume":"151","author":"Y Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu Y, Liu C, Liu W et al (2024) Fully automated method for three-dimensional segmentation and fine classification of mixed dentition in cone-beam computed tomography using deep learning. J Dent 151:105398","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6947_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105130","volume":"147","author":"G Dot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dot G, Chaurasia A, Dubois G et al (2024) DentalSegmentator: Robust open source deep learning-based CT and CBCT image segmentation. J Dent 147:105130","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"6947_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08455-y","volume":"32","author":"G Dot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dot G, Schouman T, Dubois G, Rouch P, Gajny L (2022) Fully automatic segmentation of craniomaxillofacial CT scans for computer-assisted orthognathic surgery planning using the nnU-Net framework. Eur Radiol 32(6):3639\u20133648","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01591-3","volume":"21","author":"H Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen H, Liu Z, Hu X et al (2021) Comparison of mandibular cross-sectional morphology between Class I and Class II subjects with different vertical patterns: based on CBCT images and statistical shape analysis. BMC Oral Health 21(1):238","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.03.031","volume":"160","author":"T Sella Tunis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sella Tunis T, May H, Sarig R et al (2021) Are chin and symphysis morphology facial type-dependent? A computed tomography-based study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 160(1):84\u201393","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"6947_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2319\/030809-130.1","volume":"80","author":"Z Zhong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhong Z, Tang Z, Gao X et al (2010) A comparison study of upper airway among different skeletal craniofacial patterns in nonsnoring Chinese children. Angle Orthod 80(2):267\u2013274","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR18","first-page":"83","volume":"33","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhang X, Cao J (2017) Study of the soft tissue structures in the lower anterior face in Class H Division 1 patients with different vertical skeletal patterns. J Pract Stomatol 33(1):83\u201387","journal-title":"J Pract Stomatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6947_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.11.018","volume":"40","author":"RC Almeida","year":"2011","unstructured":"Almeida RC, Cevidanes LH, Carvalho FA et al (2011) Soft tissue response to mandibular advancement using 3D CBCT scanning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40(4):353\u2013359","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"6947_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keardkhong P, Chen YF, Yao CF et al (2022) Comparison of regional soft tissue changes after bimaxillary rotational surgery between class III deformity with overbite and open bite: A 3D imaging analysis. Biomed J 46(5):100562.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2022.09.003"},{"issue":"8","key":"6947_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.03.021","volume":"47","author":"MY Leung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leung MY, Leung YY (2018) Three-dimensional evaluation of mandibular asymmetry: a new classification and three-dimensional cephalometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47(8):1043\u20131051","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6947_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.07.026","volume":"153","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen T, Cevidanes L, Franchi L, Ruellas A, Jackson T (2018) Three-dimensional mandibular regional superimposition in growing patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 153(5):747\u2013754","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"6947_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002116","volume":"135","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang M, Gui L (2022) Three-dimensional measurements on the mandible of patients with hemifacial microsomia. Chin Med J (Engl) 135(8):971\u2013976","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"8","key":"6947_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12746","volume":"27","author":"M Zeltner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeltner M, Fl\u00fcckiger LB, H\u00e4mmerle CH, H\u00fcsler J, Benic GI (2016) Volumetric analysis of chin and mandibular retromolar region as donor sites for cortico-cancellous bone blocks. Clin Oral Implants Res 27(8):999\u20131004","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6947_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01008-z","volume":"18","author":"F Isensee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Isensee F, Jaeger PF, Kohl SAA, Petersen J, Maier-Hein KH (2021) nnU-Net: a self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation. Nat Methods 18(2):203\u2013211","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR26","first-page":"201502","volume":"2012","author":"DJ Daegling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Daegling DJ (2012) The Human Mandible and the Origins of Speech. J Anthropol 2012(1):201502","journal-title":"J Anthropol"},{"key":"6947_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sella Tunis T, Hershkovitz I, May H et al (2020) Variation in Chin and Mandibular Symphysis Size and Shape in Males and Females: A CT-Based Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(12):4249","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124249"},{"issue":"4","key":"6947_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22036","volume":"147","author":"HM Garvin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garvin HM, Ruff CB (2012) Sexual dimorphism in skeletal browridge and chin morphologies determined using a new quantitative method. Am J Phys Anthropol 147(4):661\u2013670","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"6947_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21330","volume":"143","author":"ZM Thayer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thayer ZM, Dobson SD (2010) Sexual dimorphism in chin shape: Implications for adaptive hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:417\u2013425","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6947_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-017-0292-x","volume":"34","author":"Y G\u00f3mez","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Y, Garc\u00eda-Sanz V, Zamora N et al (2018) Associations between mandibular symphysis form and craniofacial structures. Oral Radiol 34(2):161\u2013171","journal-title":"Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6947_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2021.0045","volume":"81","author":"HYA Marghalani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marghalani HYA, Guan G, Hyun P et al (2022) Relationship between mandibular symphysis dimensions and skeletal pattern in adults. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 81(2):464\u2013471","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"issue":"5","key":"6947_CR32","first-page":"Zc75","volume":"10","author":"MY Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan MY, Kishore MS, Bukhari SA, Rachala MR, Sashidhar NR (2016) Alveolar and Skeletal Chin Dimensions Associated with Lower Facial Height Among Different Divergent Patterns. J Clin Diagn Res 10(5):Zc75\u201380","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6947_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24293-3","volume":"8","author":"T Sella Tunis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sella Tunis T, Pokhojaev A, Sarig R et al (2018) Human mandibular shape is associated with masticatory muscle force. Sci Rep 8(1):6042","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6947_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods MG (2017) The mandibular muscles in contemporary orthodontic practice: a review. Aust Dent J 62: S178\u2013S185","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12481"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-026-06947-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-026-06947-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-026-06947-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:51Z","timestamp":1782453171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-026-06947-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-026-06947-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSIRB-202384006).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"265"}}