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Physicochemical characterization was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and thermal analysis (DSC and TGA). Release kinetics of QUE- and CHX-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated in an artificial saliva environment, and the amounts of CHX and QUE released were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antimicrobial activity was assessed against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      using the disc diffusion method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prepared nanoparticles displayed spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 54.08 to 356.1\u00a0nm and zeta potentials from \u2212\u20092.11 to -12.46 mV, indicating colloidal stability. FTIR and thermal analysis confirmed molecular dispersion of drugs and polymer-drug interactions. QUE showed complete release within 168\u00a0h in the single-drug system, whereas co-loading with CHX extended QUE retention, with 20% remaining after 240\u00a0h. CHX release reached \u223c80% in both formulations. CHX\/QUE nanoparticles demonstrated superior antibacterial activity compared to QUE-only systems, effectively inhibiting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These compounds and formulations are designed for clinical applications due to their slow, controlled release of the dual-active PLGA NP system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06954-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:18:30Z","timestamp":1782458310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Quercetin and Chlorhexidine-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for Oral Biofilm-Associated Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"\u0130skender","family":"\u0130nce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeliz","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclnur","family":"Emingil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nil","family":"Yakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcven","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpdo\u011fan","family":"Kantarc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00450.x","volume":"62","author":"PM Bartold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE (2013) Periodontitis: a host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. 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