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After composite build-up and 5,000x thermocycling, SBS was measured. Surface morphology (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093, 6 groups) and elemental composition (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095, 5 groups) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SBS data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All three variables significantly affected SBS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). SE yielded the lowest SBS values (17.46\u2009\u00b1\u20093.19\u00a0MPa) among all protocols (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). CTE and MTE protocols showed comparable SBS values (20.30\u2009\u00b1\u20093.20 vs. 20.80\u2009\u00b1\u20093.05\u00a0MPa;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.591). After ferric sulfate contamination, CTE produced no detectable iron residue, whereas MTE retained iron-associated surface deposits. EDS revealed descriptively higher mineral content in gallic acid-conditioned dentin, and SEM showed protocol-dependent surface patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gallic acid yielded short-term bond strength comparable to phosphoric acid, while inducing a more conservative surface modification. However, gallic acid conditioning following ferric sulfate contamination should be regarded cautiously, as iron-associated deposits are preserved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gallic acid may be considered a conservative preconditioning option for noncontaminated dentin. After ferric sulfate contamination, phosphoric acid remains the more predictable choice given its iron-removal capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06987-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:32:20Z","timestamp":1782441140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gallic acid as a biointeractive dentin conditioning agent for universal adhesives: bond strength, iron retention, and surface characterization following ferric sulfate hemostatic contamination"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasibe Aycan","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6987_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2023.101883","volume":"35","author":"R Bourgi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bourgi R, Cuevas-Suarez CE, Devoto W et al (2023) Effect of contamination and decontamination methods on the bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin: A systematic review. 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