{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:32:53Z","timestamp":1786692773988,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To comparatively evaluate the effects of four low-abrasive air-polishing powders (glycine, erythritol, trehalose, and sodium bicarbonate) on root surface roughness and substance loss in an ex vivo model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      210 specimens from 105 human teeth were randomly allocated to four treatment groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200950); 10 additional specimens served for measurement error analysis. Air-polishing was performed using glycine (25\u00a0\u03bcm), erythritol (14\u00a0\u03bcm), trehalose (30\u00a0\u03bcm), or sodium bicarbonate (40\u00a0\u03bcm). Three-dimensional surface topography was assessed by laser scanning microscopy before and after treatment using ISO 25,178 roughness parameters. Data were analyzed using rank-based ANCOVA with tooth type and surface location as covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Post-treatment average roughness differed significantly between groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.217). Glycine (8.23 [5.45; 14.13] \u00b5m) and erythritol (6.65 [4.61; 10.22] \u00b5m) produced significantly higher values than trehalose (4.38 [2.87; 5.42] \u00b5m) and sodium bicarbonate (3.82 [2.83; 5.79] \u00b5m). Erythritol generated the most pronounced increases in valley depth and peak height. All groups showed negative skewness trends. No significant differences in substance loss were detected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glycine and erythritol produced greater surface roughness than trehalose and sodium bicarbonate under the tested device configuration, while all powders demonstrated minimal substance loss, supporting their safety for subgingival application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glycine and erythritol produced greater surface topographical changes compared to trehalose and sodium bicarbonate, which may reflect more pronounced powder-surface interaction; whether this translates into superior debridement efficacy requires direct microbiological investigation. The comparable and minimal substance loss across all powders supports their safety for repeated subgingival application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07007-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:21:50Z","timestamp":1784272910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative analysis of low-abrasive powders on root surface roughness and substance loss: an ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Hieble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caspar Victor","family":"Bumm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasil","family":"Christoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Pitchika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Altpeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Reymus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Folwaczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"7007_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060420","volume":"78","author":"TF Flemmig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Flemmig TF, Hetzel M, Topoll H, Gerss J, Haeberlein I, Petersilka G (2007) Subgingival debridement efficacy of glycine powder air polishing. 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All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. This study received no external funding; all materials were purchased commercially.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"341"}}