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The groups included 35 patients with peri-implantitis and periodontitis (IP+P group); 35 patients with peri-implant and periodontal health (IH+PH group); 35 patients with periodontitis (P group), and 35 periodontally healthy individuals (PH group). Clinical periodontal and peri-implantitis parameters were recorded. Plaque samples were taken from around teeth in P and PH groups and around implants and teeth in IP+P and IH+PH groups. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was determined under a microscope.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The detection of\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites in tooth samples was higher in the IP+P and P groups than in the IH+PH and PH groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Both parasites were detected more frequently in peri-implant samples in the IP+P group than in the IH+PH group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.001, respectively). There was no difference in parasite detection between tooth and peri-implant samples in the same host in the IP+P and IH+PH groups (p\u00b30.05). The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with the presence of periodontal disease, and severity and grading of periodontitis independently of other factors (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      might be associated with peri-implantitis and periodontitis lesions. The detection of parasites is similar on tooth and implant surfaces in the same mouth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Protozoa found at sites of disease may not imply a direct causal relationship with the disease; nevertheless, their detection can indicate opportunistic microbial activity or ongoing oral inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07036-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:58:49Z","timestamp":1784278729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis and periimplantitis and periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6180-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysegul","family":"Sari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem Makbule","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volkan","family":"Arisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Nibali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"7036_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12957","volume":"20","author":"T Berglundh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG et al (2018) Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. 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