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At 8 and 16 weeks, tissues were analyzed for markers associated with osteogenesis (ALP), vascular\/perivascular and myofibroblast-associated responses (\u03b1-SMA), inflammation-related cell profiles (iNOS and CD206), and bone remodeling (TRAP, Cathepsin K, and collagen type I).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 8 weeks, the FM group showed a trend toward higher numbers of CD206-positive cells in the coronal region. iNOS-positive cells did not differ significantly among groups in any region. However, most macrophage-related outcomes were not statistically significant. The SM group exhibited significantly greater collagen type I deposition, particularly in deeper regions, although this appeared to represent early unmineralized matrix rather than enhanced bone formation. TRAP-positive cells were more frequently observed in membrane-covered groups at both time points, mainly around biomaterials, suggesting remodeling-related activity. ALP, \u03b1-SMA, and Cathepsin K showed no significant intergroup differences. At 16 weeks, most immunohistochemical differences had diminished across all groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collagen membranes with different thickness-related mechanical properties were associated with distinct early tissue responses during GBR healing. The FM group showed trends toward increased CD206-positive cells, whereas the SM group exhibited greater early collagen type I deposition. Because most inflammation-related outcomes were not statistically significant, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07051-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T03:17:38Z","timestamp":1785727058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do collagen membranes with different thickness-related mechanical properties affect the outcomes of lateral bone augmentation? 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