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This study evaluated the endodontic bacterial composition in multi-rooted teeth by analyzing each root canal (RC) and the root canal filling material (FM) separately, evaluating associations with clinical and radiographic parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RC and FM samples were collected from 12 teeth. Percussion tests and preoperative radiographs (assessing FM length, homogeneity, periapical index (PAI)) were performed. Culture techniques including calculation of total bacterial count (TBC) and anaerobic\/aerobic bacteria followed by identification using MALDI-TOF and 16S rDNA-PCR were conducted. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial growth was detected in 27\/33 RC and 18\/26 FM samples (11\/12 teeth). 81 species (41 aerobic\/facultative anaerobic\/fungi, 40 anaerobic) were identified. There were frequent differences in microbial composition and TBC between root canals of the same tooth, though these were not significant (n.s.).\n                      <jats:italic>Dentiradicibacter hellwigii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (gen. nov., sp. nov.) was identified for the first time. In teeth with FM\u2009\u2265\u20093\u00a0mm short of the apex and homogenous FM, anaerobic bacteria predominated in RC and FM samples (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0412). Positive percussion sensitivity correlated with higher aerobic\/facultative anaerobic TBC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). PAI Scores\u2009\u2265\u20094 showed higher anaerobic TBC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0466).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microbial composition varies between individual root canals of a tooth and between root canals and filling materials. The TBC was associated with FM quality and clinical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive assessment of all root canals is necessary to fully capture the microbial community of endodontic infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07108-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1787733777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Laboratory investigation of intra-tooth variability in microbial communities from clinically isolated root canal and filling material"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxi","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Tennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamprini","family":"Karygianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Wittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Vach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Cieplik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin J.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"7108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1739622","volume":"46","author":"S Abusrewil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abusrewil S, Alshanta OA, Albashaireh K, Alqahtani S, Nile CJ, Scott JA, McLean W (2020) Detection, treatment and prevention of endodontic biofilm infections: what\u2019s new in 2020? 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