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The materials were combined with saliva-treated hydroxyapatite (HA) discs in a flow chamber system.\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and a three-species periodontal biofilm were cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic flow conditions for 16\u00a0h. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining and antimicrobial activity was assessed via isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Addition of essential oils reduced\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm formation by 34% on HA and by 52.5% on cellulose-based material. IMC showed reduced growth rate and total metabolic activity and prolonged lag phase for periodontal pathogens. However, mixed-species periodontal biofilms exhibited minimal changes (-6.3% on HA and +\u200912% on cellulose-based material).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In-vitro data shows that treating cellulose-based materials with essential oils can significantly reduce the formation of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms, suggesting potential benefits for preventing caries for example during orthodontic therapy by using aligners. However, no significant inhibitory effect was observed against periodontal biofilm, indicating the need for further optimisation of antimicrobial combinations regarding this purpose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide preclinical evidence that essential oil-loaded thermoformable dental materials reduce biofilm accumulation and provide basis for further evaluation for applications in oral medicine, cariology, and orthodontics. Clinical studies are required to confirm their preventive efficacy and relevance in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07111-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:01:05Z","timestamp":1789534865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial effect of treating thermoformable cellulose-based materials with essential oils"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"St\u00e4uble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0659-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Braissant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0272-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlalberta","family":"Verna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael M.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9638-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Astasov-Frauenhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.10.006","volume":"22","author":"YM Bichu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bichu YM, Alwafi A, Liu X et al (2023) Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials. 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