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The aim of this double-blind randomized crossover in situ study was to investigate how a fluoride rinse can modify the composition of the early oral biofilm formed on enamel and dentine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve volunteers wore mandibular appliances containing 3 enamel and 3 dentine specimens for 1\u00a0min, to allow basal pellicle formation, then rinsed (1\u00a0min) with a NaF solution (500 ppm F\u207b) or deionized water (DW) and kept the appliance overnight (8\u00a0h). The composition of the biofilms was analysed using full-length 16\u00a0S rRNA gene sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alpha and beta diversity did not differ between groups. Dominant genera were\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (61\u201371%),\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (15\u201324%),\n                      <jats:italic>Gemella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (4\u20136%),\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1\u20133%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1\u20132%), with no significant group differences. On both enamel and dentine, NaF rinse significantly increased the relative abundance of several\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., including\n                      <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. toyakuensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while decreasing species of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . On enamel, NaF reduced\n                      <jats:italic>S. gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and increased\n                      <jats:italic>S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. parasanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; on dentine, it increased species of\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NaF rinse induces subtle species-level changes in early biofilms formed on enamel and dentine, while overall community diversity and dominant genera remain stable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory study suggests that a 500 ppm NaF rinse is associated with subtle species-level shifts in early oral biofilms. Further studies are needed to determine whether these changes translate into functional benefits or improved oral health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04033263).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07121-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:07:21Z","timestamp":1788487641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a sodium fluoride rinse on the composition of early oral biofilms formed in situ on enamel and dentine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2054-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Pisenti","family":"Berto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Oba","family":"Sakae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira Helena","family":"Niemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Johannes","family":"Wierichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Pedro","family":"Ricomini-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Meyer-Lueckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Saads","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"7121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2019.07.002","volume":"63","author":"MM Nascimento","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nascimento MM (2019) Approaches to Modulate Biofilm Ecology. 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