{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:09:56Z","timestamp":1789711796277,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Zurich","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether 3D superimposition software (\u201cApps\u201d) systematically affects 3D deviation outcomes derived from intraoral scanner (IOS) data, using two quantile\u2011range accuracy metrics (Q90_Q10_half and Q95_Q05_half).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two jaw\u2011sized reference models were digitized with a high\u2011resolution optical scanner (ATOS III) to generate reference STL meshes (REF_STL). Five IOS devices acquired ten scans per device and per jaw model, exported as STL meshes (IMP_STL): Emerald Green, iTero 5D, Medit i900, Primescan, and Trios 5. Each IMP_STL was trimmed (1\u00a0mm above gingival line) and superimposed to REF_STL in four Apps: commercial industrial software: Geomagic Control X and GOM Inspect, and open dentistry-focused software Medit Design (Compare) and Dentexion; resulting in total to\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009400 superimpositions. For each superimposition, Q90_Q10_half and Q95_Q05_half values were computed from point-wise signed surface distances. A linear mixed\u2011effects model tested factor App as fixed effect with random intercepts for factors Device and Jaw, followed by Bonferroni\u2011adjusted pairwise comparisons (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      App significantly influenced Q90_Q10_half (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and Q95_Q05_half (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Control X yielded higher adjusted means than Dentexion and Compare for Q90_Q10_half (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while Dentexion, GOM, and Compare did not differ. For Q95_Q05_half, Control X exceeded all other Apps (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Notably, IOS rankings were stable across Apps, indicating that software altered magnitude but not relative ordering.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluation software is a significant source of variability in 3D deviation metrics; Control X produced consistently higher (more conservative) quantile\u2011range values, particularly for Q95_Q05_half.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inter\u2011study comparisons in digital accuracy research should report the evaluation software and settings. Dentistry\u2011focused Apps (e.g., with automated tooth segmentation) may reduce operator\u2011dependent effects and facilitate clinically applicable monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07136-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:51:39Z","timestamp":1789710699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of 3D superimposition software on intraoral scanner accuracy and monitoring outcome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Mehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2986-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Buhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"7136_CR1","first-page":"503","volume":"45","author":"F Eggmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eggmann F, Blatz MB (2024) The core of digital dentistry: Intraoral scanners. Compend Contin Educ Dent 45:503\u2013507","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR2","first-page":"341","volume":"24","author":"A Mehl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehl A, Reich S, Beuer F, G\u00fcth JF (2021) Accuracy, trueness, and precision - a guideline for the evaluation of these basic values in digital dentistry. Int J Comput Dent 24:341\u2013352","journal-title":"Int J Comput Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR3","first-page":"11","volume":"22","author":"A Ender","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ender A, Zimmermann M, Mehl A (2019) Accuracy of complete- and partial-arch impressions of actual intraoral scanning systems in vitro. Int J Comput Dent 22:11\u201319","journal-title":"Int J Comput Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241271937","volume":"103","author":"F Eggmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eggmann F, Blatz MB (2024) Recent advances in intraoral scanners. J Dent Res 103:1349\u20131357","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"7136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12985","volume":"35","author":"M Revilla-Le\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Revilla-Le\u00f3n M, Kois DE, Kois JC (2023) A guide for maximizing the accuracy of intraoral digital scans. Part 1: Operator factors. J Esthet Restor Dent 35:230\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jerd.12985","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041157","volume":"20","author":"A Chiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiu A, Chen YW, Hayashi J, Sadr A (2020) Accuracy of cad\/cam digital impressions with different intraoral scanner parameters. Sens (Basel) 20:1157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20041157","journal-title":"Sens (Basel)"},{"key":"7136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02926-y","volume":"23","author":"J Schmalzl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmalzl J, R\u00f3th I, Borb\u00e9ly J, Hermann P, Vecsei B (2023) The impact of software updates on accuracy of intraoral scanners. BMC Oral Health 23:219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-02926-y","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-017-0103-3","volume":"78","author":"M Zimmermann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zimmermann M, Koller C, Rumetsch M, Ender A, Mehl A (2017) Precision of guided scanning procedures for full-arch digital impressions in vivo. J Orofac Orthop 78:466\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-017-0103-3","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"7136_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7166","DOI":"10.3390\/app11157166","volume":"11","author":"A Schmidt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmidt A, Schlenz MA, Liu H, K\u00e4mpe HS, W\u00f6stmann B (2021) The influence of hard-and software improvement of intraoral scanners on the implant transfer accuracy from 2012 to 2021: An in vitro study. Appl Sci 11:7166","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"7136_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.12.016","author":"A Ender","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ender A, Buhl J, Mehl A (2026) Complete arch accuracy of six intraoral scanning devices: A clinical study. J Prosthet Dent S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.12.016. 0022-3913(25)00976","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent S"},{"key":"7136_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24904-w","volume":"15","author":"J Buhl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buhl J, Mehl A, Ender A (2025) An in-vitro study on factors influencing the accuracy of current intraoral scanners. Sci Rep 15:41049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-24904-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7136_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8449","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168449","volume":"18","author":"K Son","year":"2021","unstructured":"Son K, Lee WS, Lee KB (2021) Effect of different software programs on the accuracy of dental scanner using three-dimensional analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:8449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168449","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"7136_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104154","volume":"122","author":"G Cakmak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cakmak G, Marques VR, Donmez MB, Lu WE, Abou-Ayash S, Yilmaz B (2022) Comparison of measured deviations in digital implant scans depending on software and operator. J Dent 122:104154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104154","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2023.06.028","volume":"132","author":"D\u00d6 Dede","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dede D\u00d6, \u00c7akmak G, Donmez MB, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckekenci AS, Lu WE, Ni AA, Yilmaz B (2024) Effect of analysis software program on measured deviations in complete arch, implant-supported framework scans. J Prosthet Dent 132:211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2023.06.028","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109780","volume":"187","author":"P Mourouzis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mourouzis P (2025) Critical methodological factors influencing the accuracy of intraoral scanners in digital dentistry research. Comput Biol Med 187:109780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109780","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"7136_CR16","first-page":"178","volume":"38","author":"AA \u015eenol","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015eenol AA, Do\u011fu Kaya B, Bal E, Cengiz HB, Korkut B, Yilmaz Atali P (2025) Influence of the cut-out-rescan procedure and rubber dam color on the trueness of intraoral scanners: A laboratory evaluation. Am J Dent 38:178\u2013184","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03362-8","volume":"23","author":"S Vinayahalingam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vinayahalingam S, Kempers S, Schoep J, Hsu TH, Moin DA, van Ginneken B et al (2023) Intra-oral scan segmentation using deep learning. BMC Oral Health 23:643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03362-8","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04582-2","volume":"24","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Alqahtani KA, Van den Bogaert T, Shujaat S, Jacobs R, Shaheen E (2024) Convolutional neural network for automated tooth segmentation on intraoral scans. BMC Oral Health 24:804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04582-2","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7136_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105984","volume":"161","author":"J Buhl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buhl J, Ender A, Mehl A (2025) Accuracy of current intraoral scanning systems for full-arch impressions: An in vitro study. J Dent 161:105984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105984","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2016.09.024","volume":"118","author":"W Renne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Renne W, Ludlow M, Fryml J, Schurch Z, Mennito A, Kessler R, Lauer A (2017) Evaluation of the accuracy of 7 digital scanners: An in vitro analysis based on 3-dimensional comparisons. J Prosthet Dent 118:36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2016.09.024","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7136_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.01.012","volume":"35","author":"S O\u2019Toole","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole S, Osnes C, Bartlett D, Keeling A (2019) Investigation into the accuracy and measurement methods of sequential 3d dental scan alignment. Dent Mater 35:495\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2019.01.012","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7136_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/IM.2001.924423","volume-title":"Efficient variants of the ICP algorithm. Quebec City","author":"S Rusinkiewicz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rusinkiewicz S, Levoy M (2001) Efficient variants of the ICP algorithm. Quebec City. QC, Canada, pp 145\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IM.2001.924423"},{"key":"7136_CR23","unstructured":"Patrick C, Hammett P, Garcia-Guzman LM, Geddes SW, Walsh PT (2009) Quantifying alignment effects in 3d coordinate measurement. https:\/\/www.mvsgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/Alignment-UMTRI-2009-Oct301.pdf"},{"key":"7136_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis4040045","volume":"4","author":"R Lo Giudice","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lo Giudice R, Galletti C, Tribst JPM, Melench\u00f3n LP, Matarese M, Miniello A, Cucinotta F, Salmeri F (2022) In vivo analysis of intraoral scanner precision using open-source 3d software. Prosthesis 4:554\u2013563","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"7136_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/oral5040097","volume":"5","author":"F Puleio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Puleio F, Salmeri F, Lupi E, Urbano I, Gasparro R, De Vita S, Lo Giudice R (2025) In vivo accuracy assessment of two intraoral scanners using open-source software: A comparative full-arch pilot study. Oral 5:97","journal-title":"Oral"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-026-07136-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-026-07136-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-026-07136-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:51:43Z","timestamp":1789710703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-026-07136-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["7136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-026-07136-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not Applicable. This study was conducted entirely as an in vitro investigation, involving no human participants or animal subjects, and thus did not require formal ethics approval.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. A.M. is co-developer of the software Dentexion.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"452"}}