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While the role of affected skin-gut microbiome axis in AD is well established, still little is known about the relationship between oral microflora-based dysbiosis and AD progression and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V3\u2013V4 hypervariable region was used to characterize the bacterial profiles of saliva samples from fifteen AD patients treated with dupilumab, an antibody against interleukin-4 receptor, or upadacitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 kinase, for sixteen weeks. Oral microbiome data were compared with the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis revealed that at phylum level,\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      decreased significantly upon treatment (from a median of 11.87% to 6.15%; q\u2009=\u20090.0094), with a reciprocal increase in\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                      (from 19.78% to 28.39%; q\u2009=\u20090.0185).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although all patients showed clinical improvement, the cohort did not permit assessment of a dose\u2013response relationship between EASI score and\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance. Thus, larger, more heterogeneous cohorts and mechanistic data (e.g., metabolomics-based identification of microbiome-derived metabolites) are needed to validate these findings and clarify their relevance as a potential therapeutic marker in AD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The parallel decline in oral\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance and EASI score highlights a potential link between the oral microbiome and treatment response in AD, warranting further investigation. In the absence of non-responders, this association does not yet support\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a potential biomarker of treatment efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07174-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:19:42Z","timestamp":1791274782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of oral microbiome in atopic dermatitis patients treated with dupilumab or upadacitinib"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Wnuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Szcz\u0119ch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"\u017buk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szmato\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadetta","family":"Oklejewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Samotij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lewi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7174_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01642-z","volume":"33","author":"HM Abdel-Mageed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdel-Mageed HM (2025) Atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive updated review of this intriguing disease with futuristic insights. 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