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In addition, each child received a questionnaire to be completed by their parents. A total of 1,315 questionnaires were returned, containing complete information on childhood diseases, medication and socioeconomic status. Marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were constructed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 263 children (20.0%) were diagnosed with MIH, with a mean of 3.3 (\u00b1\u20092.0) MIH-affected teeth. In cases of bronchitis (IRR 1.25 with 95% CI 1.07\u20131.46), otitis media (aOR 1.91 with 95% CI 1.30\u20132.80), eye diseases, allergies, speech disorders, worm infections and cardiac diseases, significant associations were found for the presence of MIH. In addition, a significant association between antibiotic use and MIH was confirmed (first year of life: IRR 1.45 with 95% CI 1.15\u20131.83; aOR 1.86 with 95% CI 1.13\u20133.05\/second year of life: IRR 1.35 with 95% CI 1.05\u20131.77; aOR 1.36 with 95% CI 1.05\u20131.77).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The associations were mostly associated with low case numbers and accordingly cannot explain the documented MIH prevalence of 20.0%. Therefore, childhood diseases and antibiotic use probably do not solely contribute to MIH development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MIH aetiology remains unclear, indicating a need for further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07182-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:57:32Z","timestamp":1791359852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are childhood diseases associated with Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization? \u2013 Results from an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Pernegger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Ferdinand","family":"Fresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramy","family":"Gaballah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Irina","family":"Schill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Amend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"K\u00fchnisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"7182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.12.002","volume":"68","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwendicke F, Elhennawy K, Reda S, Bekes K, Manton DJ, Krois J (2018) Global burden of molar incisor hypomineralization. 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