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Final setting time, solubility, pH, and Ca\u00b2\u207a concentration in the immersion solution were evaluated after seven days in deionized water (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910). Surface roughness, morphology, elemental composition, and phosphate- and carbonate-associated spectral features were assessed after 30 days of storage in deionized water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The Ap\/C spectral ratio was calculated from the integrated ATR-FTIR band areas. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 25% formulation showed the shortest setting time, whereas the 100% formulation showed the longest (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). All aspartic acid-containing formulations exhibited greater solubility and lower Ca\u00b2\u207a concentrations than the control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and the 50%, 75%, and 100% formulations exceeded the recommended solubility limit. The 25% formulation had the lowest pH, whereas the control, 75%, and 100% formulations maintained similar alkaline values. Surface roughness was lowest for the 25% formulation and highest for the 100% formulation, with no significant effect of storage medium. EDS detected negligible surface phosphorus after storage in deionized water but marked phosphorus content after PBS storage. Ap\/C analysis showed significant main effects of cement formulation and storage medium, without a significant interaction. The 25%, 50%, and 75% formulations exhibited higher marginal Ap\/C ratios than the 0% and 100% formulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aspartic acid produced non-linear and formulation-dependent changes in the evaluated properties. Higher Ap\/C ratios reflected differences in relative spectral composition but did not confirm increased apatite formation or a crystalline apatite phase. Ca\u2013P-rich surface deposition depended on phosphate supplied by the storage medium, and no formulation improved all evaluated outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07196-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T07:30:48Z","timestamp":1791012648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apatite-like calcium phosphate deposition and physicochemical properties of an aspartic acid\u2013functionalized hydraulic cement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Elias Daniel Covas","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Miguel","family":"Polizeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Tavares","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Fernanda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina Guenka","family":"Palma-Dibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Moreira Spinola","family":"de Castro-Raucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelle","family":"Danelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Raucci-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.07.013","volume":"30","author":"LN NIU","year":"2014","unstructured":"NIU LN, ZHANG W, PASHLEY DH, MAO BRESCHIL, CHEN J (2014) Biomimetic remineralization of dentin. 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