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Enamel cracks were detected using transillumination and measured using ImageJ software. In the adhesive groups, phosphoric acid etching was followed by adhesive application before two bleaching sessions. HP penetration into the pulp chamber was quantified using UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometry. Color was assessed at baseline and after 7 and 14 days using digital spectrophotometry. Final bleaching efficacy was calculated from the color change between baseline and day 14 (\u0394E\n                      <jats:sub>ab,<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u0394E\n                      <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                      and \u0394WI\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s post hoc test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HP penetration differed among the bleached groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The sound group showed the lowest HP levels (0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\u00b9), whereas the cracked enamel (0.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\u00b9) and 3-stepER (0.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\u00b9) groups showed similar intermediate values. The UA-ER strategy showed the highest HP penetration (1.81\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\u00b9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No significant differences in BE were observed among the bleached groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither adhesive-based strategy provided a protective effect against HP diffusion in teeth with enamel cracks. The 3-stepER strategy did not reduce HP penetration compared with unprotected cracked enamel, whereas the UA-ER strategy resulted in significantly greater HP penetration, indicating an adhesive-dependent response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of adhesive systems as a protective strategy during in-office bleaching may not effectively reduce HP diffusion in teeth with enamel cracks. Clinicians should exercise caution when adopting such approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07200-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:42:09Z","timestamp":1790991729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adhesive-based protective strategies for enamel cracks during in-office bleaching and their effect on hydrogen peroxide penetration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8092-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Condolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laryssa Mylenna Madruga","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle Gomes","family":"Centenaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5796-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taynara S","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Willian","family":"Favoreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9880-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro D.","family":"Loguercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7200_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loguercio AD, Martins LM, da Silva LM, Favoreto MW, Reis A (2023) In-Office whitening: the latest evidence. tooth whitening: an evidence-based perspective. 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