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Seventy-two human enamel specimens were randomly assigned to six groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912): control gel, 0.5% and 2.5%\n                      <jats:italic>L. ferrea<\/jats:italic>\n                      gels, 0.5% and 2.5% propolis gels, and a commercial stannous fluoride toothpaste. Specimens underwent a 7-day erosive\u2013abrasive cycling model. Surface microhardness, surface roughness, enamel crystallinity, phosphate-to-carbonate ratio, and color variation were assessed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All formulations exhibited near-neutral pH and satisfactory cytocompatibility. Stability was maintained under refrigeration, whereas color changes and precipitate formation occurred during storage at room and elevated temperatures. Following the erosive\u2013abrasive challenge, the 2.5%\n                      <jats:italic>L. ferrea<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 2.5% propolis gel groups showed higher final surface microhardness, lower percentage surface microhardness loss, and lower final surface roughness than the other treatment groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Raman spectroscopy showed lower full width at half maximum values for the phosphate \u03bd\u2081 band and higher phosphate-to-carbonate ratios in the 2.5%\n                      <jats:italic>L. ferrea<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 2.5% propolis gel groups than in the other groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral gels containing 2.5%\n                      <jats:italic>L. ferrea<\/jats:italic>\n                      or Brazilian brown propolis showed promising protective effects on human enamel under the in vitro erosive\u2013abrasive conditions tested.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These gels are promising candidates for erosive tooth wear prevention, pending in situ and clinical validation addressing color changes and concentration-dependent stability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-07215-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:48:09Z","timestamp":1791895689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive oral gels containing Libidibia ferrea and Brazilian propolis preserve the mechanical and mineral properties of eroded human enamel"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Diana Moreira Gomes","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia Vaughan","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Bestene","family":"de Oliveira dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Ten\u00f3rio","family":"Pican\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Roberto","family":"de Souza Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton Carlos","family":"Kuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mileide","family":"da Paz Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0694-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane","family":"de Melo Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"7215_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1511-7","volume":"19","author":"TS Carvalho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carvalho TS, Colon P, Ganss C et al (2015) Consensus report of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry: erosive tooth wear\u2014diagnosis and management. 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