{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:20:16Z","timestamp":1790328016256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495152000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T15:41:54Z","timestamp":1495208514000},"page":"1433-1441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Changes in serum levels of kynurenine metabolites in paediatric patients affected by ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Melania","family":"Evangelisti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"De Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jole","family":"Rabasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Donfrancesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Lionetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Capi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Simmaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1002_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.716","volume":"163","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R et al (2006) The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 163(4):716\u2013723","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1002_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","volume":"164","author":"G Polanczyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (2007) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 164(6):942\u2013948 (review)","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1002_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C"},{"issue":"1","key":"1002_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02611.x","volume":"54","author":"A Thapar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O, Langley K (2013) What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(1):3\u201316","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1002_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.04.007","volume":"4","author":"P Shaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, Greenstein D, de Rossi P, Sharp W (2013) Trajectories of cerebral cortical development in childhood and adolescence and adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 4(8):599\u2013606","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1002_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.08.015","volume":"51","author":"C Scassellati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Gennarelli M (2012) Biomarkers and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51(10):1003\u20131019.e20","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1002_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1282175","volume":"18","author":"C Bonvicini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Scassellati C (2017) Common and specific genes and peripheral biomarkers in children and adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 18:1\u201352","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1002_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.74","volume":"21","author":"C Bonvicini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Scassellati C (2016) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic, pharmacogenetic and biochemical studies. Mol Psychiatry 21(7):872\u2013884","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1002_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.029","volume":"228","author":"T Sasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sasaki T, Hashimoto K, Oda Y, Ishima T et al (2015) Decreased levels of serum oxytocin in pediatric patients with Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Res 228(3):746\u2013751","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1002_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.600297","volume":"12","author":"R Taurines","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taurines R, Gr\u00fcnblatt E, Schecklmann M et al (2011) Altered mRNA expression of monoaminergic candidate genes in the blood of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 12(Suppl 1):104\u2013108","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1002_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","volume":"13","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Bruno JP, Muchowski PJ, Wu HQ (2012) Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(7):465\u2013477","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1002_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37160-5","volume":"283","author":"CG Parsons","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parsons CG, Danysz W, Quack G et al (1997) Novel systemically active antagonists of the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283(3):1264\u20131275","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1002_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(95)00091-7","volume":"28","author":"LP Carvalho de","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Carvalho LP, Bochet P, Rossier J (1996) The endogenous agonist quinolinic acid and the non endogenous homoquinolinic acid discriminate between NMDAR2 receptor subunits. Neurochem Int 28(4):445\u2013452","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"1002_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17799","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17799","volume":"8","author":"F Fazio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fazio F, Lionetto L, Curto M et al (2015) Xanthurenic acid activates mGlu2\/3 metabotropic glutamate receptors and is a potential trait marker for schizophrenia. Sci Rep 8(5):17799","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1002_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.10.001","volume":"73","author":"SA Neale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neale SA, Copeland CS, Salt TE (2014) Effect of VGLUT inhibitors on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the rodent hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int 73:159\u2013165","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"1002_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.074765","volume":"81","author":"F Fazio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fazio F, Lionetto L, Molinaro G et al (2012) Cinnabarinic acid, an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, activates type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pharmacol 81(5):643\u2013656","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1002_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001387","volume":"9","author":"D Turic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turic D, Langley K, Mills S et al (2004) Follow-up of genetic linkage findings on chromosome 16p13: evidence of association of N-methyl-d aspartate glutamate receptor 2A gene polymorphism with ADHD. Mol Psychiatry 9(2):169\u2013173","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1002_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-015-0080-x","volume":"11","author":"TI Aarsland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aarsland TI, Landaas ET, Hegvik TA et al (2015) Serum concentrations of kynurenines in adult patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control study. Behav Brain Funct 11(1):36","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"1002_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-29","volume":"6","author":"RD Oades","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oades RD, Dauvermann MR, Schimmelmann BG, Schwarz MJ, Myint AM (2010) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: S100B, cytokines and kynurenine metabolism\u2014effects of medication. Behav Brain Funct 6:29","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"issue":"7","key":"1002_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980\u2013988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1002_CR21","unstructured":"Marzocchi GM, Cornoldi C (2000) C scala Una scala di facile uso per la rilevazione dei comportamenti problematici dei bambini con Deficit di Attenzione e Iperattivit\u00e0. Psicologia Clinica Dello Sviluppo, pp 43\u201363"},{"key":"1002_CR22","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1974) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised. Psychological Corporation, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"1002_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x","volume":"78","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Kerr SJ, Smythe GA et al (2001) Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: a paradox for neuronal protection. J Neurochem 78(4):842\u2013853","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1002_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05219.x","volume":"105","author":"S Gobaille","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gobaille S, Kemmel V, Brumaru D, Dugave C, Aunis D, Maitre M (2000) Xanthurenic acid distribution, transport, accumulation and release in the rat brain. J Neurochem 105(3):982\u2013993","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1002_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.03.051","volume":"402","author":"C Prescott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Prescott C, Weeks AM, Staley KJ, Partin KM (2006) Kynurenic acid has a dual action on AMPA receptor responses. Neurosci Lett 402(1\u20132):108\u2013112","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1002_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0763-x","volume":"119","author":"F Moroni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moroni F, Cozzi A, Sili M, Mannaioni G (2012) Kynurenic acid: a metabolite with multiple actions and multiple targets in brain and periphery. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 119(2):133\u2013139","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"11","key":"1002_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01592.x","volume":"13","author":"R Carpenedo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carpenedo R, Pittaluga A, Cozzi A et al (2001) Presynaptic kynurenate-sensitive receptors inhibit glutamate release. Eur J Neurosci 13(11):2141\u20132147","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1002_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.4","volume":"38","author":"SA Neale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neale SA, Copeland CS, Uebele VN, Thomson FJ, Salt TE (2013) Modulation of hippocampal synaptic transmission by the kynurenine pathway member xanthurenic acid and other VGLUT inhibitors. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(6):1060\u20131067","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"(Pt B)","key":"1002_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.06.020","volume":"112","author":"F Fazio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fazio F, Lionetto L, Curto M, Iacovelli L, Copeland CS, Neale SA, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Salt TE, Nicoletti F (2017) Cinnabarinic acid and xanthurenic acid: two kynurenine metabolites that interact with metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 112((Pt B)):365\u2013372","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1002_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.10.022","volume":"60","author":"F Nicoletti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicoletti F, Bockaert J, Collingridge GL, Conn PJ, Ferraguti F, Schoepp DD, Wroblewski JT, Pin JP (2011) Metabotropic glutamate receptors: from the workbench to the bedside. Neuropharmacology 60(7\u20138):1017\u20131041","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1002_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00065","volume":"2","author":"M Dramsdahl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dramsdahl M, Ersland L, Plessen KJ, Haavik J, Hugdahl K, Specht K (2011) Adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2014a brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Front Psychiatry 2:65","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1002_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/35081509","volume":"2","author":"MH Johnson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johnson MH (2001) Functional brain development in humans. Nat Rev Neurosci 2(7):475\u2013483 (review)","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1002_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.01.034","volume":"1445","author":"EG Duerden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duerden EG, Tannock R, Dockstader C (2012) Altered cortical morphology in sensorimotor processing regions in adolescents and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Res 1445:82\u201391","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1002_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.031","volume":"72","author":"P Shaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, Sharp W, Evans A, Greenstein D (2012) Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 72(3):191\u2013197","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"43","key":"1002_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11496","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2213-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"H Homayoun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Homayoun H, Moghaddam B (2007) NMDA receptor hypofunction produces opposite effects on prefrontal cortex interneurons and pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 27(43):11496\u201311500","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1002_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8467","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308455101","volume":"101","author":"ME Jackson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jackson ME, Homayoun H, Moghaddam B (2004) NMDA receptor hypofunction produces concomitant firing rate potentiation and burst activity reduction in the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8467\u20138472","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"32","key":"1002_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612819666140110115227","volume":"20","author":"JP Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang JP, Lane HY, Tsai GE (2014) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) dysregulation. Curr Pharm Des. 20(32):5180\u20135185 (review)","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"1002_CR38","first-page":"1433","volume":"7","author":"PT Udvardi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Udvardi PT, F\u00f6hr KJ, Henes C et al (2013) Atomoxetine affects transcription\/translation of the NMDA receptor and the norepinephrine transporter in the rat brain\u2013an in vivo study. Drug Des Devel Ther 7:1433\u20131446","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1002_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0837-y","volume":"115","author":"H Christiansen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christiansen H, Chen W, Oades RD et al (2008) Co-transmission of conduct problems with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: familial evidence for a distinct disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 115(2):163\u2013175","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1002_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05893.x","volume":"109","author":"L Amori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amori L, Guidetti P, Pellicciari R, Kajii Y, Schwarcz R (2009) On the relationship between the two branches of the kynurenine pathway in the rat brain in vivo. J Neurochem 109(2):316\u2013325","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1002_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.181","volume":"37","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Javitt D (2012) From revolution to evolution: the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and its implication for treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(1):4\u201315 (review)","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1002_CR42","first-page":"180","volume":"115","author":"V Bruno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bruno V, Caraci F, Copani A, Matrisciano F, Nicoletti F, Battaglia G (2017) The impact of metabotropic glutamate receptors into active neurodegenerative processes: a \"dark side\" in the development of new symptomatic treatments for neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 115:180\u2013192 (review)","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:28:17Z","timestamp":1750271297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]]}}}