{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:40:25Z","timestamp":1769848825894,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Be2573\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Be2573\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Be2573\/3-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Be2573\/3-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009560","name":"Uniklinikum Giessen und Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parental expressed emotion and positive reinforcement are assumed to affect the development of oppositional and callous-unemotional behaviors in children at risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As longitudinal research on this issue is scarce, we analyzed the respective links between preschool and school age. 138 five-year-old (<jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200958.2, <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096.2\u00a0months) children (59% boys) with elevated ADHD symptoms (according to screening) were assessed at the ages of five and eight years. At 5\u00a0years, maternal expressed emotion (using the Five Minute Speech Sample) and positive regard of child (using a standardized at-home observation procedure) were assessed. At 5 and 8\u00a0years, symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors were measured using a multi-informant approach. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that positive regard specifically predicted a decrease in ODD symptoms between preschool and school age. The expression of high negative emotion specifically predicted an increase in CU behaviors. The development of ADHD symptoms was not predicted by parenting. Knowledge on these specific links can help to elaborate diagnostic and counseling processes in preschoolers with high ADHD symptoms. Underlying mechanisms and the role of neurocognitive deficits of the preschool child should be further analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01625-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T15:04:03Z","timestamp":1598886243000},"page":"1391-1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Parental positive regard and expressed emotion\u2014prediction of developing attention deficit, oppositional and callous unemotional problems between preschool and school age"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ursula","family":"Pauli-Pott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4858-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Schlo\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1625_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x","volume":"81","author":"A Sameroff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sameroff A (2010) A unified theory of development: a dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Dev 81(1):6\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1625_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000746","volume":"25","author":"TP Beauchaine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beauchaine TP, McNulty T (2013) Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 25(4):1505\u20131528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579413000746","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1625_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12102","volume":"54","author":"G Fairchild","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fairchild G, van Goozen SH, Calder AJ, Goodyer IM (2013) Research review: evaluating and reformulating the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(9):924\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12102","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1625_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0878-6","volume":"26","author":"S Urben","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urben S, Stephan P, Habersaat S, Francescotti E, Fegert JM, Schmeck K, Perler C, Gasser J, Schmid M (2017) Examination of the importance of age of onset, callous-unemotional traits and anger dysregulation in youths with antisocial behaviors. Eur Child Adoles Psy 26(1):87\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-016-0878-6","journal-title":"Eur Child Adoles Psy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1625_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000090","volume":"125","author":"EA Harvey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey EA, Breaux RP, Lugo-Candelas CI (2016) Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J Abnorm Psychol 125(2):154\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000090","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1625_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0967-1","volume":"26","author":"R Bedford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bedford R, Wagner NJ, Rehder PD, Propper C, Willoughby MT, Mills-Koonce RW (2017) The role of infants' mother-directed gaze, maternal sensitivity, and emotion recognition in childhood callous unemotional behaviours. Eur Child Adoles Psy 26(8):947\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-017-0967-1","journal-title":"Eur Child Adoles Psy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1625_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000097","volume":"125","author":"ED Musser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musser ED, Karalunas SL, Dieckmann N, Peris TS, Nigg JT (2016) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder developmental trajectories related to parental expressed emotion. J Abnorm Psychol 125(2):182\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000097","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1625_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-45","volume":"6","author":"H Christiansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christiansen H, Oades RD, Psychogiou L, Hauffa BP, Sonuga-Barke EJ (2010) Does the cortisol response to stress mediate the link between expressed emotion and oppositional behavior in Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD)? Behav Brain Funct 6:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1744-9081-6-45","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"issue":"10","key":"1625_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.07.006","volume":"50","author":"KL Cartwright","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cartwright KL, Bitsakou P, Daley D, Gramzow RH, Psychogiou L, Simonoff E, Thompson MJ, Sonuga-Barke EJS (2011) Disentangling child and family influences on maternal expressed emotion toward children with Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(10):1042\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.07.006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1625_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00630","volume":"41","author":"TS Peris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peris TS, Baker BL (2000) Applications of the expressed emotion construct to young children with externalizing behavior: stability and prediction over time. J Child Psychol Psyc 41(4):457\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00630","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psyc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.11.011","volume":"53","author":"JS Richards","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richards JS, Vasquez AA, Rommelse NN, Oosterlaan J, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK (2014) A follow-up study of maternal expressed emotion toward children with Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): relation with severity and persistence of ADHD and comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(3):311\u2013319e311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.11.011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1625_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000295","volume":"53","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinquart M (2017) Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: an updated meta-analysis. Dev Psychol 53(5):873\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000295","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1625_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. Author, Washington, DC","edition":"5"},{"issue":"4","key":"1625_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000349","volume":"127","author":"J Henry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henry J, Dionne G, Viding E, Petitclerc A, Feng B, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Tremblay RE, Boivin M (2018) A longitudinal twin study of callous-unemotional traits during childhood. J Abnorm Psychol 127(4):374\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000349","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1625_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","volume":"140","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014) Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychol Bull 140(1):1\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033076","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1625_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0899-1","volume":"26","author":"C Tuvblad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuvblad C, Fanti KA, Andershed H, Colins OF, Larsson H (2017) Psychopathic personality traits in 5 year old twins: the importance of genetic and shared environmental influences. Eur Child Adoles Psy 26(4):469\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-016-0899-1","journal-title":"Eur Child Adoles Psy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1625_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.001","volume":"33","author":"R Waller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waller R, Gardner F, Hyde LW (2013) What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence. Clin Psychol Rev 33(4):593\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1144190","volume":"47","author":"AL Byrd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Byrd AL, Hawes SW, Loeber R, Pardini DA (2018) Interpersonal callousness from childhood to adolescence: developmental trajectories and early risk factors. J Clin Child Adolesc 47(3):467\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2016.1144190","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc"},{"issue":"9","key":"1625_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15111381","volume":"173","author":"LW Hyde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hyde LW, Waller R, Trentacosta CJ, Shaw DS, Neiderhiser JM, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Leve LD (2016) Heritable and nonheritable pathways to early callous-unemotional behaviors. Am J Psychiatry 173(9):903\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15111381","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12666","volume":"58","author":"R Waller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waller R, Shaw DS, Hyde LW (2017) Observed fearlessness and positive parenting interact to predict childhood callous-unemotional behaviors among low-income boys. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 58(3):282\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12666","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1625_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12867","volume":"59","author":"N Wright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wright N, Hill J, Sharp H, Pickles A (2018) Maternal sensitivity to distress, attachment and the development of callous-unemotional traits in young children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 59(7):790\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12867","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.03.013","author":"M Flom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flom M, White D, Ganiban J, Saudino KJ (2019) Longitudinal links between callous-unemotional behaviors and parenting in early childhood: a genetically informed design. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.03.013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR23","volume-title":"DISYPS-II Diagnostik-System f\u00fcr psychische St\u00f6rungen nach ICD-10 und DSM-IV f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche-II","author":"M D\u00f6pfner","year":"2008","unstructured":"D\u00f6pfner M, G\u00f6rtz-Dorten A, Lehmkuhl G (2008) DISYPS-II Diagnostik-System f\u00fcr psychische St\u00f6rungen nach ICD-10 und DSM-IV f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche-II. Huber, Bern"},{"key":"1625_CR24","first-page":"54","volume":"2","author":"H Bertram","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bertram H, Naumann S, Harstick-Koll S, Kuschel A, Heinrichs N, Hahlweg K, Brix G, D\u00f6pfner M (2009) Das Familien-Interaktions-Beobachtungssystem (FIBS). Klin Diagnostik u Evaluation 2:54\u201372","journal-title":"Klin Diagnostik u Evaluation"},{"key":"1625_CR25","volume-title":"The revised family observation schedule","author":"MR Sanders","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sanders MR, Waugh L, Tully L, Hynes K (1996) The revised family observation schedule, 3rd edn. Parenting and Family Support Centre, Brisbane, Australia","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(86)90049-1","volume":"17","author":"AB Magana","year":"1986","unstructured":"Magana AB, Goldstein MJ, Karno M, Miklowitz DJ, Jenkins J, Falloon IRH (1986) A brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 17(3):203\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1781(86)90049-1","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"1625_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503762842011","volume":"42","author":"D Daley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daley D, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Thompson M (2003) Assessing expressed emotion in mothers of preschool AD\/HD children: psychometric properties of a modified speech sample. Br J Clin Psychol 42(Pt 1):53\u201367","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1625_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000384","volume":"43","author":"S Schlo\u00df","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schlo\u00df S, Schramm M, Christiansen H, Scholz KK, Schuh LC, Dopfner M, Becker K, Pauli-Pott U (2015) Expressed emotion, mother-child relationship, and ADHD symptoms in preschool- a study on the validity of the German Preschool Five Minute Speech Sample. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 43(6):425\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000384","journal-title":"Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother"},{"key":"1625_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.6.760","volume":"149","author":"E Taylor","year":"1986","unstructured":"Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg M (1986) Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: I. Separation of hyperactivity and antisocial conduct in British child psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry 149:760\u2013767","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR30","unstructured":"Daley D (2010) Preschool-Parent account of child symptoms (Pre-Pacs). Unpublished manual."},{"issue":"11","key":"1625_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21","volume":"42","author":"EJ Sonuga-Barke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sonuga-Barke EJ, Dalen L, Remington B (2003) Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(11):1335\u20131342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1625_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1026\/0049-8637.40.1.40","volume":"40","author":"D Breuer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Breuer D, Dopfner M (2008) Development of a questionnaire for the assessment of attention-deficit-\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschoolers by parents and\/or teacher ratings. Z Entwickl Padagogis 40(1):40\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0049-8637.40.1.40","journal-title":"Z Entwickl Padagogis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1625_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003498x","volume":"25","author":"A Angold","year":"1995","unstructured":"Angold A, Prendergast M, Cox A, Harrington R, Simonoff E, Rutter M (1995) The child and adolescent psychiatric-assessment (CAPA). Psychol Med 25(4):739\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329170003498x","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1625_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.020","volume":"51","author":"A Angold","year":"2012","unstructured":"Angold A, Erkanli A, Copeland W, Goodman R, Fisher PW, Costello EJ (2012) Psychiatric diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: a comparative study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51(5):506\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR35","volume-title":"DISYPS-III. Diagnostik-System f\u00fcr psychische St\u00f6rungen nach ICD-10 und DSM-5 f\u00fcr","author":"M D\u00f6pfner","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u00f6pfner M, G\u00f6rtz-Dorten A (2017) DISYPS-III. Diagnostik-System f\u00fcr psychische St\u00f6rungen nach ICD-10 und DSM-5 f\u00fcr. Kinder und Jugendliche\u2013III. Hogrefe, Bern"},{"issue":"5","key":"1625_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38(5):581\u2013586","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-39264","volume":"64","author":"S Bettge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bettge S, Ravens-Sieberer U, Wietzker A, Holling H (2002) Comparison of methods between the child behavior checklist and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Gesundheitswesen 64:S119\u2013S124","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"issue":"9","key":"1625_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0815-0","volume":"25","author":"GP Algorta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Algorta GP, Dodd AL, Stringaris A, Youngstrom EA (2016) Diagnostic efficiency of the SDQ for parents to identify ADHD in the UK: a ROC analysis. Eur Child Adoles Psy 25(9):949\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-015-0815-0","journal-title":"Eur Child Adoles Psy"},{"key":"1625_CR39","volume-title":"The antisocial process screening device (APSD): technical manual","author":"P Frick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frick P, Hare R (2001) The antisocial process screening device (APSD): technical manual. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006x.73.3.400","volume":"73","author":"MR Dadds","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dadds MR, Fraser J, Frost A, Hawes DJ (2005) Disentangling the underlying dimensions of psychopathy and conduct problems in childhood: a community study. J Consult Clin Psych 73(3):400\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006x.73.3.400","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psych"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1026\/0942-5403\/A000080","volume":"21","author":"U Koglin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koglin U, Petermann F (2012) Callous-unemotional traits: behavioral problems und prosocial behavior in kindergarten children. Kindh Entwickl 21(3):141\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0942-5403\/A000080","journal-title":"Kindh Entwickl"},{"issue":"12","key":"1625_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02435.x","volume":"52","author":"DS Pasalich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pasalich DS, Dadds MR, Hawes DJ, Brennan J (2011) Do callous-unemotional traits moderate the relative importance of parental coercion versus warmth in child conduct problems? An observational study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(12):1308\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02435.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR43","volume-title":"Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions","author":"LS Aiken","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publ, Newbury Park"},{"key":"1625_CR44","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS (2003) Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1625_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.70","volume":"43","author":"AM Chronis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chronis AM, Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Williams SH, Baumann BL, Kipp H, Jones HA, Rathouz PJ (2007) Maternal depression and early positive parenting predict future conduct problems in young children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Psychol 43(1):70\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.70","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1625_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-012-0118-7","volume":"15","author":"W Matthys","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matthys W, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Schutter DJLG, Lochman JE (2012) Impaired neurocognitive functions affect social learning processes in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: implications for interventions. Clin Child Fam Psych 15(3):234\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-012-0118-7","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psych"},{"issue":"8","key":"1625_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9531-5","volume":"39","author":"SL Olson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olson SL, Tardif TZ, Miller A, Felt B, Grabell AS, Kessler D, Wang L, Karasawa M, Hirabayashi H (2011) Inhibitory control and harsh discipline as predictors of externalizing problems in young children: a comparative study of US, Chinese, and Japanese preschoolers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 39(8):1163\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-011-9531-5","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1625_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400001024","volume":"12","author":"S Denham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Denham S, Workman E, Cole P, Weissbrod C, Kendziora KT, Zahn-Waxler C (2000) Prediction of externaizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: the role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Dev Psychopathol 12:23\u201345","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1625_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1666399","author":"PA Graziano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graziano PA, Landis T, Maharaj A, Ros-Demarize R, Hart KC, Garcia A (2019) Differentiating preschool children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors through emotion regulation and executive functioning. J Clin Child Adolesc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2019.1666399","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01625-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01625-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01625-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T12:25:20Z","timestamp":1631622320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01625-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01625-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}