{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1790196240766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["602805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["603016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["603016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01662-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T09:08:38Z","timestamp":1604480918000},"page":"51-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Subgrouping children and adolescents with disruptive behaviors: symptom profiles and the role of callous\u2013unemotional traits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mireia","family":"Rosa-Justicia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie C.","family":"Saam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Flamarique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Borr\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilly","family":"Naaijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Banaschewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Aggensteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paramala","family":"Santosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilyas","family":"Sagar-Ouriaghli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Penzol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Brandeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E.","family":"Werhahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Glennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel P.","family":"Zwiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan K.","family":"Buitelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike M. E.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefina","family":"Castro-Fornieles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1662_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02199.x","volume":"51","author":"R Rowe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rowe R, Maughan B, Moran P et al (2010) The role of callous and unemotional traits in the diagnosis of conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 51:688\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02199.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"key":"1662_CR2","first-page":"20","volume":"22","author":"D Pardini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pardini D, Frick PJ (2013) Multiple developmental pathways to conduct disorder: current conceptualizations and clinical implications. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22:20\u201325","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.134221","volume":"205","author":"A Stringaris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stringaris A, Lewis G, Maughan B (2014) Developmental pathways from childhood conduct problems to early adult depression: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. Br J Psychiatry 205:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.134221","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0488-5","volume":"23","author":"T Kretschmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kretschmer T, Hickman M, Doerner R et al (2014) Outcomes of childhood conduct problem trajectories in early adulthood: findings from the ALSPAC study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23:539\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0488-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12144","volume":"54","author":"HE Erskine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Nelson P et al (2013) Research Review: epidemiological modelling of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54:1263\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12144","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR6","volume-title":"Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities","author":"National Research Council and Institute of Medicine Committee Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and YARA and PI","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Research Council and Institute of Medicine Committee Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and YARA and PI (2009) Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1662_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"62","author":"R Perou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ et al (2013) Mental Health Surveillance among children: United States, 2005\u20132011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62(Suppl 2):1\u201333","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1662_CR8","unstructured":"Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Board on Children, Youth, and Families; Institute of Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Scien and M (2015) 13. Prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. In: Boat T, Wu J (eds) Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children. National Academies Press"},{"key":"1662_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"1662_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990071","volume":"21","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Viding E (2009) Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Dev Psychopathol 21:1111\u20131131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579409990071","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1662_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.664815","volume":"41","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frick PJ (2012) Developmental pathways to conduct disorder: implications for future directions in research, assessment, and treatment. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 41:378\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2012.664815","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1199-8","volume":"28","author":"R Wesselhoeft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wesselhoeft R, Stringaris A, Sibbersen C et al (2019) Dimensions and subtypes of oppositionality and their relation to comorbidity and psychosocial characteristics. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28:351\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1199-8","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-9990-1","volume":"44","author":"AD Gill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gill AD, Stickle TR (2016) Affective differences between psychopathy variants and genders in adjudicated youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:295\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-015-9990-1","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.04.002","volume":"31","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Skeem JL et al (2008) Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Int J Law Psychiatry 31:241\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.04.002","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR15","volume-title":"A Proposal to the DSM\u2013v childhood disordersand the ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders work groups to include a specifier to the diagnosis of conduct disorder based on the presence of callous-unemotional traits","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Moffitt TE (2010) A Proposal to the DSM\u2013v childhood disordersand the ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders work groups to include a specifier to the diagnosis of conduct disorder based on the presence of callous-unemotional traits. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC"},{"key":"1662_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9958-9","volume":"42","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Demetriou CA, Kimonis ER (2013) Variants of callous-unemotional conduct problems in a community sample of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 42:964\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-9958-9","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"1662_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.07.010.Symptoms","volume":"49","author":"D Pardini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pardini D, Fite PJ (2011) Symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and callous-unemotional traits as unique predictors of psychosocial maladjustment in boys: advancing an evidence base for DSM-V. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:1134\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.07.010.Symptoms","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0149-x","volume":"20","author":"FE Scheepers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scheepers FE, Buitelaar JK, Matthys W (2011) Conduct disorder and the specifier callous and unemotional traits in the DSM-5. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:89\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-010-0149-x","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.246","volume":"39","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Cornell AH, Bodin SD et al (2003) Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Dev Psychol 39:246\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.246","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","volume":"140","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014) Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychol Bull 140:1\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033076","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1662_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1063426614552903","volume":"23","author":"DA Waschbusch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waschbusch DA, Graziano PA, Willoughby MT, Pelham WE (2015) Classroom rule violations in elementary school students with callous-unemotional traits. J Emot Behav Disord 23:180\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1063426614552903","journal-title":"J Emot Behav Disord"},{"key":"1662_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01847.x","volume":"49","author":"LC Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz LC, Frick PJ, Kimonis ER, Aucoin KJ (2008) Verbal ability and delinquency: testing the moderating role of psychopathic traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49:414\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01847.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0149-5","volume":"45","author":"KC Smeets","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smeets KC, Oostermeijer S, Lappenschaar M et al (2017) Are proactive and reactive aggression meaningful distinctions in adolescents? A variable- and person-based approach. J Abnorm Child Psychol 45:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-016-0149-5","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9588-1","volume":"40","author":"TR Stickle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stickle TR, Marini VA, Thomas JN (2012) Gender differences in psychopathic traits, types, and correlates of aggression among adjudicated youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 40:513\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-011-9588-1","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-017-0741-0","volume":"49","author":"ND Thomson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomson ND, Centifanti LCM (2018) Proactive and reactive aggression subgroups in typically developing children: the role of executive functioning, psychophysiology, and psychopathy. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 49:197\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-017-0741-0","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1662_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0553-z","volume":"47","author":"OF Colins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colins OF (2016) Assessing reactive and proactive aggression in detained adolescents outside of a research context. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47:159\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-015-0553-z","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1662_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01585.x","volume":"47","author":"ED Barker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barker ED, Tremblay RE, Nagin DS et al (2006) Development of male proactive and reactive physical aggression during adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:783\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01585.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20337","volume":"36","author":"ED Barker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barker ED, Vitaro F, Lacourse E et al (2010) Testing the developmental distinctiveness of male proactive and reactive aggression with a nested longitudinal experimental intervention. Aggress Behav 36:127\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20337","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"1662_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20478","volume":"17","author":"R Kotov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D (2018) A paradigm shift in psychiatric classification: the Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP). World Psychiatry 17:24\u201325","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121383","volume":"175","author":"A Caspi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2018) All for one and one for all: mental disorders in one dimension. Am J Psychiatry 175:831\u2013844","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473","volume":"2","author":"A Caspi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caspi A, Houts RM, Belsky DW et al (2014) The p factor: one general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clin Psychol Sci 2:119\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702613497473","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1662_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230701465269","volume":"19","author":"DF Connor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Connor DF, Ford JD, Albert DB, Doerfler LA (2007) Conduct disorder subtype and comorbidity. Ann Clin Psychiatry 19:161\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401230701465269","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1214","volume":"159","author":"RW Greene","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greene RW, Biederman J, Zerwas S et al (2002) Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159:1214\u20131224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1214","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0624-1","volume":"16","author":"K Boylan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boylan K, Vaillancourt T, Boyle M, Szatmari P (2007) Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16:484\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-007-0624-1","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.11.009","volume":"28","author":"T Galbraith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galbraith T, Heimberg RG, Wang S et al (2014) Comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and antisocial personality disorder in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Anxiety Disord 28:57\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.11.009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"1662_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721409359280","volume":"19","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kashdan TB, McKnight PE (2010) The darker side of social anxiety. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 19:47\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721409359280","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1662_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00040","volume":"43","author":"F Vitaro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Tremblay RE (2002) Reactively and proactively aggressive children: antecedent and subsequent characteristics. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43:495\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00040","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-008-9111-3","volume":"31","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Frick PJ, Georgiou S (2009) Linking callous-unemotional traits to instrumental and non-instrumental forms of aggression. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 31:285\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-008-9111-3","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"1662_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000277","volume":"9","author":"OF Colins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colins OF, Fanti KA, Salekin RT et al (2018) Psychopathy in detained boys: the search for primary and secondary variants in a clinical setting. Personal Disord Theory, Res Treat 9:408\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000277","journal-title":"Personal Disord Theory, Res Treat"},{"key":"1662_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000235","volume":"126","author":"AJ Meehan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meehan AJ, Maughan B, Cecil CAM, Barker ED (2017) Interpersonal callousness and co-occurring anxiety: developmental validity of an adolescent taxonomy. J Abnorm Psychol 126:225\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000235","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032880","volume":"25","author":"RE Kahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahn RE, Frick PJ, Youngstrom EA et al (2013) Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample. Psychol Assess 25:966\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032880","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1662_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9946-x","volume":"43","author":"F Euler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Euler F, Jenkel N, Stadler C et al (2015) Variants of girls and boys with conduct disorder: anxiety symptoms and callous-unemotional traits. J Abnorm Child Psychol 43:773\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-014-9946-x","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/19361521.2012.671794","volume":"5","author":"JR Tatar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tatar JR, Cauffman E, Kimonis ER, Skeem JL (2012) Victimization history and posttraumatic stress: an analysis of psychopathy variants in male juvenile offenders. J Child Adolesc Trauma 5:102\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19361521.2012.671794","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Trauma"},{"key":"1662_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000557","volume":"24","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Cauffman E et al (2012) Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Dev Psychopathol 24:1091\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579412000557","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1662_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9372-7","volume":"38","author":"Z Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee Z, Salekin RT, Iselin AMR (2010) Psychopathic traits in youth: is there evidence for primary and secondary subtypes? J Abnorm Child Psychol 38:381\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-009-9372-7","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.979934","volume":"45","author":"M Docherty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Docherty M, Boxer P, Huesmann LR et al (2016) Exploring primary and secondary variants of psychopathy in adolescents in detention and in the community. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 45:564\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2014.979934","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000394","volume":"53","author":"N Goulter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goulter N, Kimonis ER, Hawes SW et al (2017) Identifying stable variants of callous-unemotional traits: a longitudinal study of at-risk girls. Dev Psychol 53:2364\u20132376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000394","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000317","volume":"53","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Kimonis E (2017) Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Dev Psychol 53:1230\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000317","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021803005547","volume":"2","author":"PJ Frick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Ellis M (1999) Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2:149\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1021803005547","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1662_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318","volume":"2","author":"A Raine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raine A (2006) Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2:291\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181e121bd","volume":"31","author":"DF Connor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Connor DF, Steeber J, McBurnett K (2010) A review of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder complicated by symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 31:427\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181e121bd","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"1662_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20224","volume":"34","author":"DA Waschbusch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waschbusch DA, Willoughby MT (2008) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and callous-unemotional traits as moderators of conduct problems when examining impairment and aggression in elementary school children. Aggress Behav 34:139\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20224","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"1662_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199702000-00014","volume":"36","author":"RE Christian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Christian RE, Frick PJ, Hill NL et al (1997) Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: II. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:233\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199702000-00014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416001206","volume":"29","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Goulter N, Hall J (2017) Affective startle potentiation differentiates primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy. Dev Psychopathol 29:1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579416001206","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1662_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21473","volume":"59","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Goulter N, Hawes DJ et al (2017) Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Dev Psychobiol 59:161\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.21473","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"1662_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1172-6","volume":"27","author":"CM Freitag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freitag CM, Konrad K, Stadler C et al (2018) Conduct disorder in adolescent females: current state of research and study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:1077\u20131093","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.024737","volume":"95","author":"GA Wasserman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Ko SJ et al (2005) Gender differences in psychiatric disorders at juvenile probation intake. Am J Public Health 95:131\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2003.024737","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1662_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-0707-7","volume":"18","author":"K Sevecke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sevecke K, Lehmkuhl G, Krischer MK (2009) Examining relations between psychopathology and psychopathy dimensions among adolescent female and male offenders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 18:85\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-008-0707-7","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00027","volume":"43","author":"R Rowe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rowe R, Maughan B, Pickles A et al (2002) The relationship between DSM-IV oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: findings from the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 43:365\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00027","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"key":"1662_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.002","volume":"19","author":"JC Babcock","year":"2014","unstructured":"Babcock JC, Tharp ALT, Sharp C et al (2014) Similarities and differences in impulsive\/premeditated and reactive\/proactive bimodal classifications of aggression. Aggress Violent Behav 19:251\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.002","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"1662_CR61","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"MT Achenbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Achenbach MT, Rescorla A (2001) Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Chidlren, Youth & Families, Burlington"},{"key":"1662_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:980\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01570.x","volume":"47","author":"PWL Leung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leung PWL, Kwong SL, Tang CP et al (2006) Test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the Chinese version of CBCL, TRF, and YSR. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:970\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01570.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00011","volume":"40","author":"JM Swanson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Swanson JM, Kraemer HC, Hinshaw SP et al (2001) Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:168\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115","volume":"32","author":"A Raine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R et al (2006) The reactive\u2013proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav 32:159\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20115","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"1662_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21458","volume":"39","author":"M Cima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cima M, Raine A, Meesters C, Popma A (2013) Validation of the Dutch Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ): differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggress Behav 39:99\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21458","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"1662_CR67","volume-title":"Observed Antisocial Behavior questionnaire, version 1.0. [WAS-lijst, eerste afname, versie 1.0]","author":"W Slot","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slot W, Orobio de Castro B, Duivenvoorden Y (2000) Observed Antisocial Behavior questionnaire, version 1.0. [WAS-lijst, eerste afname, versie 1.0]. Paedologisch Institut, Duivendrecht"},{"key":"1662_CR68","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children, fourh edition (WISC-IV)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2003) Wechsler intelligence scale for children, fourh edition (WISC-IV). The Psycho, San Antonio"},{"key":"1662_CR69","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale, fouth edition (WAIS-IV)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2008) Wechsler adult intelligence scale, fouth edition (WAIS-IV). Pearson, San Antonio"},{"key":"1662_CR70","volume-title":"WISC-IV clinical assessment and intervention","author":"A Prifitera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prifitera A, Saklofske DH, Weiss LG (2008) WISC-IV clinical assessment and intervention. Academic Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1662_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.07.017","volume":"53","author":"H Chabrol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chabrol H, Valls M, van Leeuwen N, Bui E (2012) Callous-unemotional and borderline traits in nonclinical adolescents: personality profiles and relations to antisocial behaviors. Pers Individ Dif 53:969\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2012.07.017","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"1662_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.556","volume":"21","author":"GM Vincent","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vincent GM, Vitacco MJ, Grisso T, Corrado RR (2003) Subtypes of adolescent offenders: affective traits and antisocial behavior patterns. Behav Sci Law 21:695\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.556","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law"},{"key":"1662_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7138-7","volume-title":"An introduction to statistical learning: with applications in R","author":"G James","year":"2013","unstructured":"James G, Witten D, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2013) An introduction to statistical learning: with applications in R. Springer, New York"},{"key":"1662_CR74","unstructured":"Macqueen J (1967) Some methods for classificatin and analysis of multivariate observations in 5th Berkeley Symposium. Los Angeles"},{"key":"1662_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289263","volume":"18","author":"RL Thorndike","year":"1953","unstructured":"Thorndike RL (1953) Who belongs in the family? Psychometrika 18:267\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289263","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1662_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2307\/2958889","volume":"6","author":"G Schwarz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schwarz G (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6:461\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2958889","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"1662_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelleg D, Moore A (1999) Accelerating exact k-means Algorithms with geometric reasoning.\u00a0In: ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. San Diego, CA, pp 277\u2013281","DOI":"10.1145\/312129.312248"},{"key":"1662_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.02.016","volume":"50","author":"SZ Levine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levine SZ (2011) Elaboration on the association between IQ and parental SES with subsequent crime. Pers Individ Diff 50:1233\u20131237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2011.02.016","journal-title":"Pers Individ Diff"},{"key":"1662_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.03.001","volume":"129","author":"T Jambroes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jambroes T, Jansen LMC, Peter PM et al (2018) Dimensions of psychopathy in relation to proactive and reactive aggression: does intelligence matter? Pers Individ Diff 129:76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2018.03.001","journal-title":"Pers Individ Diff"},{"key":"1662_CR80","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corp IBM (2015) IBM SPSS statistics for windows. IBM Corp, Armonk"},{"key":"1662_CR81","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna"},{"key":"1662_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.022","volume":"91","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fanti KA (2018) Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: a review of psychophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 91:4\u201320","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1662_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.014","volume":"88","author":"D Pardini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pardini D, White HR, Stouthamer-Loeber M (2007) Early adolescent psychopathology as a predictor of alcohol use disorders by young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 88:S38\u2013S49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1662_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419001196","author":"ND Thomson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomson ND, Gillespie SM, Centifanti LCM (2019) Callous-unemotional traits and fearlessness: a cardiovascular psychophysiological perspective in two adolescent samples using virtual reality. Dev Psychopathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579419001196","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1662_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1086-8","volume":"27","author":"CAM Cecil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cecil CAM, McCrory EJ, Barker ED et al (2018) Characterising youth with callous\u2013unemotional traits and concurrent anxiety: evidence for a high-risk clinical group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:885\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1086-8","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2011.565265","volume":"15","author":"Y Gvion","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gvion Y, Apte A (2011) Aggression, impulsivity, and suicide behavior: a review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res 15:93\u2013112","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"1662_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.127.2.0233","volume":"127","author":"J Hatfield","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hatfield J, Dula CS (2014) Impulsivity and physical aggression: examining the moderating role of anxiety. Am J Psychol 127:233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5406\/amerjpsyc.127.2.0233","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAAC.2011.06.013","volume":"50","author":"MT Yeh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yeh MT, Chen P, Raine A et al (2011) Child psychopathic traits moderate relationships between parental affect and child aggression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50:1054\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAAC.2011.06.013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854804270629","volume":"32","author":"IP Kruh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kruh IP, Frick PJ, Clements CB (2005) Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Crim Justice Behav 32:69\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854804270629","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"1662_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9113-y","volume":"36","author":"ML Mayberry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mayberry ML, Espelage DL (2007) Associations among empathy, social competence, & reactive\/proactive aggression subtypes. J Youth Adolesc 36:787\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-006-9113-y","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"1662_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025406071904","volume":"30","author":"NA Card","year":"2006","unstructured":"Card NA, Little TD (2006) Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. Int J Behav Dev 30:466\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165025406071904","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"key":"1662_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.10.005","volume":"51","author":"D Pardini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pardini D, Stepp S, Hipwell A et al (2012) The clinical utility of the proposed dsm-5 callous-unemotional subtype of conduct disorder in young girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51:62-73.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.10.005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000475","volume":"30","author":"MR Dadds","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dadds MR, Kimonis ER, Schollar-Root O et al (2018) Are impairments in emotion recognition a core feature of callous-unemotional traits? Testing the primary versus secondary variants model in children. Dev Psychopathol 30:67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579417000475","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1662_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100353","volume":"7","author":"PJ Piotrowska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piotrowska PJ, Stride CB, Maughan B, Rowe R (2019) Mechanisms underlying social gradients in child and adolescent antisocial behaviour. SSM Popul Heal 7:100353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100353","journal-title":"SSM Popul Heal"},{"key":"1662_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.05.017","volume":"52","author":"A Stringaris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stringaris A, Maughan B, Copeland WS et al (2013) Irritable mood as a symptom of depression in youth: prevalence, developmental, and clinical correlates in the Great Smoky Mountains study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52:831\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.05.017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002097","volume":"13","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2001) Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Dev Psychopathol 13:355\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579401002097","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1662_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.019","volume":"56","author":"K Bolhuis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bolhuis K, Lubke GH, van der Ende J et al (2017) Disentangling heterogeneity of childhood disruptive behavior problems into dimensions and subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56:678\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01989.x","volume":"50","author":"A Stringaris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stringaris A, Goodman R (2009) Three dimensions of oppositionality in youth. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 50:216\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01989.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"key":"1662_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.06.013","volume":"52","author":"YM Whelan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whelan YM, Stringaris A, Maughan B, Barker ED (2013) Developmental continuity of oppositional defiant disorder subdimensions at ages 8, 10, and 13 years and their distinct psychiatric outcomes at age 16 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52:961\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.06.013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1662_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.4.737","volume":"73","author":"DJ Hawes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hawes DJ, Dadds MR (2005) The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. J Consult Clin Psychol 73:737\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.73.4.737","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.576","volume":"22","author":"SE Spain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spain SE, Douglas KS, Poythress NG, Epstein M (2004) The relationship between psychopathic features, violence and treatment outcome: the comparison of three youth measures of psychopathic features. Behav Sci Law 22:85\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.576","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law"},{"key":"1662_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246316628455","volume":"46","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frick PJ (2016) Current research on conduct disorder in children and adolescents. South African J Psychol 46:160\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0081246316628455","journal-title":"South African J Psychol"},{"key":"1662_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-014-0167-1","volume":"17","author":"DJ Hawes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hawes DJ, Price MJ, Dadds MR (2014) Callous-unemotional traits and the treatment of conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 17:248\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-014-0167-1","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"}],"container-title":["European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01662-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01662-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01662-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:05:23Z","timestamp":1643994323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01662-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01662-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"T Banaschewski has served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire, and Infectopharm. He received conference support or speaker\u2019s fee by Lilly, Medice, and Shire. He received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press; the present work is unrelated to these relationships. C Arango has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Ambrosetti, Caja Navarra, CIBERSAM, Fundaci\u00f3n Alicia Koplowitz, Forum, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Ministerio de Sanidad, Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad, Mutua Madrile\u00f1a, Otsuka, Roche, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovio and Takeda. D Brandeis serves as an unpaid scientific advisor for an EU-funded Neurofeedback trial unrelated to the present work. JC Glennon has acted as a consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. B Franke received an educational speaking fee from Shire and Medice. JK Buitelaar has been a consultant to\/member of the advisory board of, and a speaker for, Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly, Takeda\/Shire, Roche, Medice and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, nor a shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, and royalties. UME Schulze serves as an unpaid ethics advisor for two EU-funded projects unrelated to the present work. She has received a speaker\u2019s fee from Shire. The other authors do not report any biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the local ethics committees for each site separately.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was given by the participants and their parents or legal representatives.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors provided formal written consent to publish before publication of the work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}