{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:53:18Z","timestamp":1793407998523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008967","name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, there has been a rising interest in the mental health of unaccompanied minor refugees (UMR), who are a high-risk group for mental disorders. Especially the investigation of predictive factors of the mental health of young refugees has received increasing attention. However, there has been no review on this current issue for the specific group of UMR so far. We aimed to summarize and evaluate the existing findings of specific risk and protective factors to identify the most verified influences on the mental health of UMR. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search. Study designs were limited to quantitative cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Eight databases were searched in four different languages and article reference lists of relevant papers were screened. 27 studies were included (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094753). Qualitative synthesis revealed the number of stressful life events to be the most evaluated and verified risk factor for mental health of UMR. A stable environment and social support, on the other hand, can protect UMR from developing poor mental health. Besides that, several other influencing factors could be pointed out, such as type of accommodation, family contact, gender and cultural competences. Because of the large heterogeneity of outcome measures, quantitative synthesis was not possible. This review helps to improve our understanding of determinants of UMRs mental health and thus to provide more targeted treatment. Furthermore, it provides information on how to prevent the development of mental health problems by specifying factors that can be modified by different health and immigration sectors in advance. Further research is needed focusing on the interaction between the various predictive factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01678-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T18:04:52Z","timestamp":1604945092000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A systematic review of risk and protective factors of mental health in unaccompanied minor refugees"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"H\u00f6hne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Swantje","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Kamp-Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1678_CR1","unstructured":"UNHCR (2019) Global trends: forced displacement in 2019. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/globaltrends2019"},{"key":"1678_CR2","unstructured":"UNHCR (2019) Refugee and migrant children in Europe. Overview of trends January\u2014December 2018. https:\/\/data2.unhcr.org\/en\/documents\/download\/69499."},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/019791838802200205","volume":"22","author":"M Eisenbruch","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eisenbruch M (1988) The mental health of refugee children and their cultural development. Int Migr Rev 22(2):282\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019791838802200205","journal-title":"Int Migr Rev"},{"key":"1678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901410010053","volume":"10","author":"M Jakobsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jakobsen M, Demott MAM, Heir T (2014) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents in norway. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 10:53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1745017901410010053","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000243751.49499.93","volume":"195","author":"T Bean","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bean T, Derluyn I, Eurelings-Bontekoe E et al (2007) Comparing psychological distress, traumatic stress reactions, and experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors with experiences of adolescents accompanied by parents. J Nerv Ment Dis 195(4):288\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.nmd.0000243751.49499.93","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12194","volume":"56","author":"B Oppedal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oppedal B, Idsoe T (2015) The role of social support in the acculturation and mental health of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. Scand J Psychol 56(2):203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.12194","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2015.1065310","volume":"21","author":"S Keles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keles S, Friborg O, Ids\u00f8e T et al (2015) Depression among unaccompanied minor refugees: the relative contribution of general and acculturation-specific daily hassles. Ethn Health 21(3):300\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2015.1065310","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025416658136","volume":"42","author":"S Keles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keles S, Friborg O, Ids\u00f8e T et al (2018) Resilience and acculturation among unaccompanied refugee minors. Int J Behav Dev 42(1):52\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165025416658136","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.13109\/prkk.2017.66.4.242","volume":"66","author":"S R\u00fccker","year":"2017","unstructured":"R\u00fccker S, B\u00fcttner P, Lambertz B et al (2017) Resilient oder Risikogruppe? (Resilient or risk group? Psychological burden at unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) in Germany). Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 66(4):242\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13109\/prkk.2017.66.4.242","journal-title":"Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie"},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1026\/0942-5403\/a000285","volume":"28","author":"K Piegenschke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piegenschke K, Sihorsch M, Christiansen H (2019) Begleitete minderj\u00e4hrige Gefl\u00fcchtete. Kindheit und Entwicklung 28(3):147\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0942-5403\/a000285","journal-title":"Kindheit und Entwicklung"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12134-014-0340-x","volume":"16","author":"S Kennedy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kennedy S, Kidd MP, McDonald JT et al (2015) The healthy immigrant effect: patterns and evidence from four countries. J Int Migr Integr 16(2):317\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12134-014-0340-x","journal-title":"J Int Migr Integr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-016-2332-9","volume":"59","author":"A K\u00fchne","year":"2016","unstructured":"K\u00fchne A, Gilsdorf A (2016) Ausbr\u00fcche von Infektionskrankheiten in Gemeinschaftsunterk\u00fcnften f\u00fcr Asylsuchende 2004\u20132014 in Deutschland (Infectious disease outbreaks in centralized homes for asylum seekers in Germany from 2004\u20132014). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 59(5):570\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-016-2332-9","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-010-0081-0","volume":"14","author":"I Bronstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bronstein I, Montgomery P (2011) Psychological distress in refugee children: a systematic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 14(1):44\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-010-0081-0","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1678_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.x","volume":"47","author":"E Jane Costello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jane Costello E, Erkanli A, Angold A (2006) Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(12):1263\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104508100889","volume":"14","author":"D Michelson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michelson D, Sclare I (2009) Psychological needs, service utilization and provision of care in a specialist mental health clinic for young refugees: a comparative study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 14(2):273\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359104508100889","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.010","volume":"64","author":"TM Bean","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bean TM, Eurelings-Bontekoe E, Spinhoven P (2007) Course and predictors of mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors in the Netherlands: one year follow-up. Soc Sci Med (1982) 64(6):1204\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med (1982)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1026\/0942-5403\/a000177","volume":"24","author":"A Witt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Witt A, Rassenhofer M, Fegert JM et al (2015) Hilfebedarf und Hilfsangebote in der Versorgung von unbegleiteten minderj\u00e4hrigen Fl\u00fcchtlingen. Kindheit und Entwicklung 24(4):209\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0942-5403\/a000177","journal-title":"Kindheit und Entwicklung"},{"issue":"9812","key":"1678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60051-2","volume":"379","author":"M Fazel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fazel M, Reed RV, Panter-Brick C et al (2012) Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet 379(9812):266\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60051-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-1015-y","volume":"17","author":"N Wille","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wille N, Bettge S, Ravens-Sieberer U (2008) Risk and protective factors for children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 mental health: results of the BELLA study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17(Suppl 1):133\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-008-1015-y","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9812","key":"1678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60050-0","volume":"379","author":"RV Reed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reed RV, Fazel M, Jones L et al (2012) Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet 379(9812):250\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60050-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"08","key":"1678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272978","volume":"136","author":"A Ziegler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ziegler A, Antes G, K\u00f6nig I (2011) Bevorzugte Report Items f\u00fcr systematische \u00dcbersichten und Meta-Analysen: Das PRISMA-Statement. Dtsch med Wochenschr 136(08):e9\u2013e15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1272978","journal-title":"Dtsch med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","volume":"32","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U (1977) Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol 32(7):513\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011458","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","volume":"6","author":"MJ Downes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC et al (2016) Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open 6(12):e011458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"1678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0344-z","volume":"22","author":"I Bronstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bronstein I, Montgomery P, Ott E (2013) Emotional and behavioural problems amongst Afghan unaccompanied asylum-seeking children: results from a large-scale cross-sectional study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(5):285\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-012-0344-z","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01912.x","volume":"49","author":"M Hodes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hodes M, Jagdev D, Chandra N et al (2008) Risk and resilience for psychological distress amongst unaccompanied asylum seeking adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(7):723\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01912.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR26","first-page":"277","volume":"4","author":"K Hollins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hollins K, Heydari H, Grayson K et al (2007) The mental health and social circumstances of Kosovan Albanian and Albanian unaccompanied refugee adolescents living in London. Divers Health Soc Care 4(4):277\u2013285","journal-title":"Divers Health Soc Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"1678_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00053-2","volume":"22","author":"A Sourander","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sourander A (1998) Behavior problems and traumatic events of unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Abuse Negl 22(7):719\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00053-2","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.597083","volume":"40","author":"GE Smid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smid GE, Lensvelt-Mulders GJLM, Knipscheer JW et al (2011) Late-onset PTSD in unaccompanied refugee minors: exploring the predictive utility of depression and anxiety symptoms. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 40(5):742\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2011.597083","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21740","volume":"25","author":"I Bronstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bronstein I, Montgomery P, Dobrowolski S (2012) PTSD in asylum-seeking male adolescents from Afghanistan. J Trauma Stress 25(5):551\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21740","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.07.016","volume":"44","author":"I Derluyn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Derluyn I, Mels C, Broekaert E (2009) Mental health problems in separated refugee adolescents. J Adolesc Health 44(3):291\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.07.016","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015157","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015157","volume":"7","author":"M Jakobsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jakobsen M, Meyer DeMott MA, Wentzel-Larsen T et al (2017) The impact of the asylum process on mental health: a longitudinal study of unaccompanied refugee minors in Norway. BMJ Open 7(6):e015157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015157","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104513499356","volume":"20","author":"TK Jensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jensen TK, Fjermestad KW, Granly L et al (2015) Stressful life experiences and mental health problems among unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 20(1):106\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359104513499356","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-8-29","volume":"8","author":"TK Jensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jensen TK, Sk\u00e5rdalsmo EMB, Fjermestad KW (2014) Development of mental health problems\u2014a follow-up study of unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health 8:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1753-2000-8-29","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health"},{"key":"1678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0268-1","volume":"13","author":"LRF M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller LRF, B\u00fcter KP, Rosner R et al (2019) Mental health and associated stress factors in accompanied and unaccompanied refugee minors resettled in Germany: a cross-sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health 13:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-019-0268-1","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03569.x","volume":"57","author":"Z Porte","year":"1987","unstructured":"Porte Z, Torney-Purta J (1987) Depression and academic achievement among Indochinese refugee unaccompanied minors in ethnic and nonethnic placements. Am J Orthopsychiatry 57(4):536\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03569.x","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-013-0094-2","volume":"28","author":"S V\u00f6lkl-Kernstock","year":"2014","unstructured":"V\u00f6lkl-Kernstock S, Karnik N, Mitterer-Asadi M et al (2014) Responses to conflict, family loss and flight: posttraumatic stress disorder among unaccompanied refugee minors from Africa. Neuropsychiatrie 28(1):6\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40211-013-0094-2","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatrie"},{"issue":"11","key":"1678_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000185870.55678.82","volume":"193","author":"SA Reijneveld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reijneveld SA, de Boer JB, Bean T et al (2005) Unaccompanied adolescents seeking asylum: poorer mental health under a restrictive reception. J Nerv Ment Dis 193(11):759\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.nmd.0000185870.55678.82","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0463-1","volume":"23","author":"M Vervliet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vervliet M, Lammertyn J, Broekaert E et al (2014) Longitudinal follow-up of the mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23(5):337\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0463-1","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104518758839","volume":"23","author":"KA Ehntholt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ehntholt KA, Trickey D, Harris Hendriks J et al (2018) Mental health of unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents previously held in British detention centres. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 23(2):238\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359104518758839","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25863","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.25863","volume":"6","author":"SJ Stotz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stotz SJ, Elbert T, M\u00fcller V et al (2015) The relationship between trauma, shame, and guilt: findings from a community-based study of refugee minors in Germany. Eur J Psychotraumatol 6:25863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v6.25863","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"1678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27856","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.27856","volume":"7","author":"V Mueller-Bamouh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mueller-Bamouh V, Ruf-Leuschner M, Dohrmann K et al (2016) Are experiences of family and of organized violence predictors of aggression and violent behavior? A study with unaccompanied refugee minors. Eur J Psychotraumatol 7:27856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v7.27856","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.6.585","volume":"159","author":"PL Geltman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geltman PL, Grant-Knight W, Mehta SD et al (2005) The \u201clost boys of Sudan\u201d: functional and behavioral health of unaccompanied refugee minors re-settled in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159(6):585\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.159.6.585","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0308-z","volume":"44","author":"J Huemer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huemer J, V\u00f6lkl-Kernstock S, Karnik N et al (2013) Personality and psychopathology in African unaccompanied refugee minors: repression, resilience and vulnerability. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 44(1):39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-012-0308-z","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1246-5","volume":"28","author":"S Sierau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sierau S, Schneider E, Nesterko Y et al (2019) Alone, but protected? Effects of social support on mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(6):769\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1246-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01340-6","volume":"28","author":"TK Jensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jensen TK, Skar A-MS, Andersson ES et al (2019) Long-term mental health in unaccompanied refugee minors: pre- and post-flight predictors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(12):1671\u20131682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01340-6","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000150","volume":"41","author":"K Becker-Nehring","year":"2012","unstructured":"Becker-Nehring K, Witschen I, Bengel J (2012) Schutz- und Risikofaktoren f\u00fcr Traumafolgest\u00f6rungen. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 41(3):148\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000150","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"112","key":"1678_CR47","first-page":"903","volume":"28","author":"P Baron","year":"1993","unstructured":"Baron P, Campbell TL (1993) Gender differences in the expression of depressive symptoms in middle adolescents: an extension of earlier findings. Adolescence 28(112):903\u2013911","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001.28.1.18","volume":"28","author":"H Eschenbeck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eschenbeck H, Kohlmann C-W, Lohaus A (2007) Gender differences in coping strategies in children and adolescents. J Individ Differ 28(1):18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1614-0001.28.1.18","journal-title":"J Individ Differ"},{"key":"1678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen J (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Hoboken","edition":"2"},{"issue":"9650","key":"1678_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","volume":"372","author":"M Marmot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R et al (2008) Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 372(9650):1661\u20131669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1678_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry JW (2011) Immigrant acculturation. Psychological and social adaptations. In: Identity and participation in culturally diverse societies: a multidisciplinary perspective. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, pp 279\u2013295","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444328158.ch14"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01678-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01678-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01678-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T09:15:05Z","timestamp":1659345305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01678-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01678-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}