{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:16:30Z","timestamp":1775740590113,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01696-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T15:02:30Z","timestamp":1609686150000},"page":"589-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The significance of limited prosocial emotions among externalizing disorders in children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Castagna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dara E.","family":"Babinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Waxmonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Waschbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. Author, Arlington","edition":"5"},{"issue":"5","key":"1696_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-018-0789-5","volume":"49","author":"SL Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson SL, Zheng Y, McMahon RJ (2018) Do callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder symptoms predict the onset and development of adolescent substance use? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 49(5):688\u2013698","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9460-z","volume":"37","author":"LL Ansel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ansel LL, Barry CT, Gillen CT, Herrington LL (2015) An analysis of four self-report measures of adolescent callous-unemotional traits: exploring unique prediction of delinquency, aggression, and conduct problems. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37(2):207\u2013216","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"8","key":"1696_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02397.x","volume":"52","author":"ED Barker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barker ED, Oliver BR, Viding E, Salekin RT, Maughan B (2011) The impact of prenatal maternal risk, fearless temperament and early parenting on adolescent callous- unemotional traits: a 14-year longitudinal investigation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(8):878\u2013888","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1696_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191112474338","volume":"20","author":"JM Berg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berg JM, Lilienfeld SO, Reddy SD, Latzman RD, Roose A, Craighead LW, Raison CL (2013) The Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits: a construct validational analysis in an at-risk sample. Assessment 20:532\u2013544","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"1696_CR6","volume-title":"The psychopath: emotion and the brain","author":"RJR Blair","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blair RJR, Mitchell D, Blair K (2005) The psychopath: emotion and the brain. Blackwell Publishing, Malden"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0361-y","volume":"22","author":"JK Buitelaar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buitelaar JK, Smeets KC, Herpers P, Scheepers F, Glennon J, Rommelse NN (2013) Conduct disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(1):49\u201354","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-015-0187-5","volume":"18","author":"N Bunford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bunford N, Evans SW, Wymbs F (2015) ADHD and emotion dysregulation among children and adolescents. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 18(3):185\u2013217","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117747392","volume":"27","author":"EM Cardinale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cardinale EM, Marsh AA (2020) The reliability and validity of the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits: a meta-analytic review. Assessment 27(1):57\u201371","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"1696_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castagna PJ, Babinski DE, Pearl AM, Waxmonsky JG, Waschbusch DA (2020) Initial investigation of the psychometric properties of the limited prosocial emotions questionnaire (LPEQ). Assessment","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120927782"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21458","volume":"39","author":"M Cima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cima M, Raine A, Meesters C, Popma A (2013) Validation of the Dutch Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ): differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggressive Behav 39(2):99\u2013113","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9384-z","volume":"36","author":"E Ciucci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciucci E, Baroncelli A, Franchi M, Golmaryami FN, Frick PJ (2014) The association between callous-unemotional traits and behavioral and academic adjustment in children: further validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 36(2):189\u2013200","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199702000-00014","volume":"36","author":"RE Christian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Christian RE, Frick PJ, Hill NL, Tyler L, Frazer DR (1997) Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: II. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(2):233\u2013241","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054707308486","volume":"12","author":"DF Connor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Connor DF, Doerfler LA (2008) ADHD with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder: discrete or nondistinct disruptive behavior disorders? J Atten Disord 12(2):126\u2013134","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505283341","volume":"21","author":"MR Dadds","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dadds MR, Whiting C, Hawes DJ (2006) Associations among cruelty to animals, family conflict, and psychopathic traits in childhood. J Interpers Viol 21(3):411\u2013429","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1696_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719885469","volume":"64","author":"M D\u00e9ry","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00e9ry M, B\u00e9gin V, Toupin J, Temcheff C (2019) Clinical utility of the limited Prosocial emotions Specifier in the childhood-onset subtype of conduct disorder. Can J Psychiatry 64(12):838\u2013845","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1696_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191106287354","volume":"13","author":"CA Essau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Frick PJ (2006) Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment 13(4):454\u2013469","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_3","volume":"35","author":"GA Fabiano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fabiano GA, Pelham WE Jr, Waschbusch DA, Gnagy EM, Lahey BB, Chronis AM, MacLean-Burrows L (2006) A practical measure of impairment: psychometric properties of the impairment rating scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 35(3):369\u2013385","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000371","volume":"28","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Panayiotou G, Lazarou C, Michael R, Georgiou G (2016) The better of two evils? Evidence that children exhibiting continuous conduct problems high or low on callous\u2013unemotional traits score on opposite directions on physiological and behavioral measures of fear. Dev Psychopathol 28(1):185\u2013198","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1696_CR20","unstructured":"Frick PJ (July, 2013) Clinical assessment of prosocial emotions (CAPE).\u00a0Unpublished test manual"},{"key":"1696_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick PJ (2004) Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. http:\/\/labs.uno.edu\/developmentalpsychopathology\/ICU.html. Accessed 20 Aug 2019","DOI":"10.1037\/t62639-000"},{"issue":"4","key":"1696_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023899703866","volume":"31","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Cornell AH, Barry CT, Bodin SD, Dane HE (2003) Callous- unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. J Abnorm Child Psychol 31(4):457\u2013470","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1696_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0082-3","volume":"8","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Dickens C (2006) Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8:59\u201372","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"1696_CR24","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Moffitt TE (2010) A proposal to the DSM-V childhood disorders and the ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders work groups to include a specifier to the diagnosis of conduct disorder based on the presence of callous-unemotional traits.\u00a0In: American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC pp 1\u201336"},{"key":"1696_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143150","volume":"8","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Nigg JT (2012) Current issues in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 8:77\u2013107","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1696_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12152","volume":"55","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014a) Annual research review: a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(6):532\u2013548","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","volume":"140","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014b) Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychol Bull 140(1):1\u201357","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1696_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-005-5728-9","volume":"33","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Stickle TR, Dandreaux DM, Farrell JM, Kimonis ER (2005) Callous-unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. J Abnorm Child Psychol 33(4):471\u2013487","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1696_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x","volume":"49","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frick PJ, White SF (2008) Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49:359\u2013375","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20631","volume":"18","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Solmi M, Brondino N, Davies C, Chae C, Politi P, McGuire P (2019) Transdiagnostic psychiatry: a systematic review. World Psychiatry 18(2):192\u2013207","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1696_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.011","volume":"46","author":"PA Graziano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graziano PA, Garcia A (2016) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children\u2019s emotion dysregulation: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 46:106\u2013123","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1696_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2014.06.002","volume":"11","author":"DJ Hawes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hawes DJ (2014) Disruptive behaviour disorders and DSM-5. Asian J Psychiatry 11:102\u2013105","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1696_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.4.737","volume":"73","author":"DJ Hawes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hawes DJ, Dadds MR (2005) The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. J Consult Clin Psychol 73(4):737\u2013741","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1696_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0027-6","volume":"43","author":"SA Helseth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Helseth SA, Waschbusch DA, King S, Willoughby MT (2015) Aggression in children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: social information processing and response to peer provocation. J Abnorm Child Psychol 43(8):1503\u20131514","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001919","volume":"46","author":"J Henry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Henry J, Pingault JB, Boivin M, Rijsdijk F, Viding E (2016) Genetic and environmental aetiology of the dimensions of Callous-Unemotional traits. Psychol Med 46(2):405\u2013414","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1696_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.004","volume":"253","author":"PCM Herpers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herpers PCM, Klip H, Rommelse NNJ, Taylor MJ, Greven CU, Buitelaar JK (2017) Taxometric analyses and predictive accuracy of callous-unemotional traits regarding quality of life and behavior problems in non-conduct disorder diagnoses. Psychiatry Res 253:351\u2013359","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1696_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.044.2009","volume":"3","author":"S Hodgins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hodgins S, De Brito SA, Simonoff E, Vloet T, Viding E (2009) Getting the phenotypes right: an essential ingredient for understanding aetiological mechanisms underlying persistent violence and developing effective treatments. Front Behav Neurosci 3:44","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-012-9324-3","volume":"35","author":"S Houghton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Houghton S, Hunter SC, Crow J (2013) Assessing callous unemotional traits in children aged 7-to 12-years: a confirmatory factor analysis of the inventory of callous unemotional traits. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 35(2):215\u2013222","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/b0000003","volume":"37","author":"RE Kahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahn RE, Byrd AL, Pardini DA (2013) Callous-unemotional traits robustly predict future criminal offending in young men. Law Hum Behav 37(2):87","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"1696_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12357","volume":"56","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Frick PJ, Moffitt TE, Essau C, Bijttebier P, Marsee MA (2015) Using self-reported callous-unemotional traits to cross-nationally assess the DSM-5 \u201cWith Limited Prosocial Emotions\u201d specifier. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56(11):1249\u20131261","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.04.002","volume":"31","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Skeem JL, Marsee MA, Cruise K, Munoz LC, Morris AS (2008) Assessing callous\u2013unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Int J Law Psychiatry 31(3):241\u2013252","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"1696_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2020.1769112","volume":"4","author":"CC Koutsogiorgi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koutsogiorgi CC, Lordos A, Fanti KA, Michaelides MP (2020) Factorial structure and nomological network of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits accounting for item keying variance.\u00a0J Pers Assess 4:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2020.1769112","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.089441","volume":"200","author":"R Kumsta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumsta R, Sonuga-Barke E, Rutter M (2012) Adolescent callous\u2013unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation. Br J Psychiatry 200(3):197\u2013201","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1696_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02105.x","volume":"50","author":"MM Martel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martel MM (2009) Research review: a new perspective on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: emotion dysregulation and trait models. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(9):1042\u20131051","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1696_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S164032","volume":"14","author":"G Masi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masi G, Pisano S, Brovedani P, Maccaferri G, Manfredi A, Milone A, Muratori P (2018) Trajectories of callous\u2013unemotional traits from childhood to adolescence in referred youth with a disruptive behavior disorder who received intensive multimodal therapy in childhood. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 14:2287\u20132296","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"1696_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.023","volume":"91","author":"G Masi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masi G, Milone A, Brovedani P, Pisano S, Muratori P (2018) Psychiatric evaluation of youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits: a critical review of assessment measures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 91:21\u201333","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x","volume":"49","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, Kim-Cohen J, Koenen KC, Viding E (2008) Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: Research needs for an evidence base. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(1):3\u201333 (in alphabetical order)","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.10.005","volume":"51","author":"D Pardini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pardini D, Stepp S, Hipwell A, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R (2012) The clinical utility of the proposed DSM-5 callous-unemotional subtype of conduct disorder in young girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51(1):62\u201373","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199203000-00006","volume":"31","author":"WE Pelham Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pelham WE Jr, Gnagy EM, Greenslade KE, Milich R (1992) Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31(2):210\u2013218","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1992.12085615","volume":"21","author":"WE Pelham Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pelham WE Jr, Evans SW, Gnagy EM, Greenslade KE (1992) Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders - Prevalence, factor-analyses, and conditional probabilities in a special-education sample. Sch Psychol Rev 21(2):285\u2013299","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0404-6","volume":"43","author":"S Pisano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pisano S, Muratori P, Gorga C, Levantini V, Iuliano R, Catone G, Masi G (2017) Conduct disorders and psychopathy in children and adolescents: aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment strategies of callous-unemotional traits. Ital J Pediatrics 43(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1696_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02199.x","volume":"51","author":"R Rowe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rowe R, Maughan B, Moran P, Ford T, Briskman J, Goodman R (2010) The role of callous and unemotional traits in the diagnosis of conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51(6):688\u2013695","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1696_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199505000-00016","volume":"34","author":"R Schachar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schachar R, Tannock R (1995) Test of four hypotheses for the comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(5):639\u2013648","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1696_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000496","volume":"30","author":"R Seijas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seijas R, Servera M, Garc\u00eda-Banda G, Barry CT, Burns GL (2018) Evaluation of a four-item DSM\u20135 Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier scale within and across settings with Spanish children. Psychol Assess 30(4):474\u2013485","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070966","volume":"171","author":"P Shaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaw P, Stringaris A, Nigg J, Leibenluft E (2014) Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 171(3):276\u2013293","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00601-x","volume":"48","author":"ZR Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith ZR, Langberg JM, Cusick CN, Green CD, Becker SP (2020) Academic motivation deficits in adolescents with ADHD and associations with academic functioning. J Abnorm Child Psychol 48(2):237\u2013249","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1696_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2010.00021","volume":"1","author":"C Stadler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stadler C, Poustka F, Sterzer P (2010) The heterogeneity of disruptive behavior disorders\u2013implications for neurobiological research and treatment. Front Psychiatry 1:21","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.099770","volume":"200","author":"E Viding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viding E, McCrory EJ (2012) Why should we care about measuring callous-unemotional traits in children? Br J Psychiatry 200(3):177\u2013178","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1696_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120947796","author":"TM Walker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walker TM, Frick PJ, Matlasz TM, Robertson EL, Mikolajewski AJ, Mitchell C, Hyde LW (2020) Psychometric properties of a semistructured interview to assess limited prosocial emotions.\u00a0Assess. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191120947796","journal-title":"Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.1.118","volume":"128","author":"DA Waschbusch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Waschbusch DA (2002) A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychol Bull 128(1):118\u2013150","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1696_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007","volume":"51","author":"DA Waschbusch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waschbusch DA, Baweja R, Babinksi DE, Mayes SD, Waxmonsky JG (2019) Irritability and limited prosocial emotions\/callous-unemotional traits in elementary-school-age children. Behavior Ther 51:223\u2013237 (Advance online publication)","journal-title":"Behavior Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20224","volume":"34","author":"DA Waschbusch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waschbusch DA, Willoughby MT (2008) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and callous-unemotional traits as moderators of conduct problems when examining impairment and aggression in elementary school children. Aggressive Behav 34(2):139\u2013153","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"key":"1696_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1614000","volume":"49","author":"DA Waschbusch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waschbusch DA, Willoughby MT, Haas SM, Ridenour TA, Crum KI, Helseth SA, Altszuler AR, Ross JM, Coles EK, Pelham WE Jr (2019) Effects of behavioral treatment modified to fit children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 49:639\u2013650 (Advance online publication)","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114534886","volume":"22","author":"MT Willoughby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Willoughby MT, Mills-Koonce WR, Waschbusch DA, Gottfredson NC, Family Life Project Investigators (2015) An examination of the parent report version of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a community sample of first-grade children. Assessment 22(1):76\u201385","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-006-9039-4","volume":"29","author":"KD Wright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wright KD, Waschbusch DA, Frankland BW (2007) Combining data from parent ratings and parent interview when assessing ADHD. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 29(3):141\u2013148","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"7","key":"1696_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9628-5","volume":"40","author":"BT Wymbs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wymbs BT, McCarty CA, King KM, McCauley E, Vander Stoep A, Baer JS, Waschbusch DA (2012) Callous-unemotional traits as unique prospective risk factors for substance use in early adolescent boys and girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 40(7):1099\u20131110","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"}],"container-title":["European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01696-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01696-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01696-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:03:35Z","timestamp":1650701015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01696-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01696-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None of the authors declare a conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the institutional review board at Penn State College of Medicine.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}