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An increase in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been widely predicted, but empirical evidence is still scarce. This study aimed to (1) generate representative data on pandemic-related stress, parental stress, general stress, parental subjective and mental health, and the occurrence of ACEs; (2) identify risk factors for an increase in ACEs, and (3) provide qualitative data on parents\u2019 experiences. A representative survey was conducted in Germany in August 2020 with 1024 parents of underage children (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200941.70, 50.9% female). More than 50% of parents reported being stressed by social distancing and the closure of schools and childcare facilities. Parental stress increased significantly during the pandemic (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.21). Subgroups of parents also reported very high levels of depressive symptoms (12.3%) and anxiety (9.7%). Up to one-third of the sample reported ACEs in the child\u2019s lifetime. In this group, 29.1% reported an increase in children witnessing domestic violence during the pandemic, and 42.2% an increase verbal emotional abuse. These families were characterized by higher parental stress, job losses, and younger parent and child age. Positive aspects of the pandemic related primarily to personal or family life (e.g. slower pace of life, increase in family time). While some parents coped well, a particularly negative pattern was observed in a subgroup of families that experienced an increase in ACEs. Parental stress emerged as important target point for interventions addressing the negative sequelae of the pandemic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01739-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T04:03:11Z","timestamp":1614571391000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences\u2014results of a representative survey in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2423-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Calvano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Engelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Kindermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babette","family":"Renneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle M.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1739_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10231","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30736-4","volume":"395","author":"L Cluver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cluver L, Lachman JM, Sherr L, Wessels I, Krug E, Rakotomalala S, Blight S, Hillis S, Bachman G, Green O, Butchart A, Tomlinson M, Ward CL, Doubt J, McDonald K (2020) Parenting in a time of COVID-19. 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The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin (EA2\/128\/20, Date 07\/27\/2020).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}