{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:59:52Z","timestamp":1794045592320,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["278367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01751-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T09:03:55Z","timestamp":1620119035000},"page":"1539-1548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Tic disorders in children and adolescents: does the clinical presentation differ in males and females? A report by the EMTICS group"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Garcia-Delgar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateu","family":"Servera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00efra","family":"Openneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Benaroya-Milshtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tami","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Morer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the EMTICS collaborative group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Apter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Baglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Benaroya-Milshtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emese","family":"Bognar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianka","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Buse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Correa","family":"Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette M.","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Fremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Garcia-Delgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Gulisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelieke","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Hagstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy J.","family":"Hedderly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel","family":"Heyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaim","family":"Huyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Madruga-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Marotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Morer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"M\u00fcnchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00efra J. C.","family":"Openneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pellico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin J.","family":"Plessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Porcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphna","family":"Ruhrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaana M. L.","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Rosaria","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liselotte","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike Tagwerker","family":"Gloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsanett","family":"Tarnok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Walitza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Weidinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatry Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatry Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatry Press, Washington","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"1751_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.14","volume":"102","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C, Kim YS, Peterson BS (1998) Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics 102(1 Pt 1):14\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.102.1.14","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1751_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002","volume":"67","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Leckman JF (2009) Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 67(6):497\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1751_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071050","volume":"197","author":"DA Gorman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, Robertson MM, Leckman JF, Peterson BS (2010) Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 197(1):36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071050","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1751_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0278-5","volume":"21","author":"ER Lebowitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lebowitz ER, Motlagh MG, Katsovich L, King RA, Lombroso PJ, Grantz H, Lin H, Bentley MJ, Gilbert DL, Singer HS, Coffey BJ, Kurlan RM, Leckman JF, Tourette Syndrome Study G (2012) Tourette syndrome in youth with and without obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21(8):451\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-012-0278-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1751_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","volume":"72","author":"ME Hirschtritt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, Dion Y, Grados MA, Illmann C, King RA, Sandor P, McMahon WM, Lyon GJ, Cath DC, Kurlan R, Robertson MM, Osiecki L, Scharf JM, Mathews CA, Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for G (2015) Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry 72(4):325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.006","volume":"134","author":"D Martino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martino D, Ganos C, Pringsheim TM (2017) Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: the clinical spectrum beyond tics. Int Rev Neurobiol 134:1461\u20131490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.006","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1751_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01837.x","volume":"94","author":"N Khalifa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khalifa N, von Knorring AL (2005) Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in a total population of children: clinical assessment and background. Acta Paediatr 94(11):1608\u20131614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01837.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"1751_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00004","volume":"33","author":"SL Santangelo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Santangelo SL, Pauls DL, Goldstein JM, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Leckman JF (1994) Tourette\u2019s syndrome: What are the influences of gender and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33(6):795\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0073-0","volume":"7","author":"A Rynkiewicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rynkiewicz A, Schuller B, Marchi E, Piana S, Camurri A, Lassalle A, Baron-Cohen S (2016) An investigation of the \u201cfemale camouflage effect\u201d in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex\/gender differences. Mol Autism 7:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-016-0073-0","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"1751_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1211-3","volume":"28","author":"FD Mowlem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mowlem FD, Rosenqvist MA, Martin J, Lichtenstein P, Asherson P, Larsson H (2019) Sex differences in predicting ADHD clinical diagnosis and pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(4):481\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1211-3","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1751_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/s0012162200000839","volume":"42","author":"RD Freeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P (2000) An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(7):436\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0012162200000839","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1751_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbp.2012.03.001","volume":"34","author":"MC Viana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viana MC, Andrade LH (2012) Lifetime Prevalence, age and gender distribution and age-of-onset of psychiatric disorders in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil: results from the Sao Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey. Braz J Psychiatry 34(3):249\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbp.2012.03.001","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1751_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1356-0","volume":"42","author":"W Mandy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mandy W, Chilvers R, Chowdhury U, Salter G, Seigal A, Skuse D (2012) Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a large sample of children and adolescents. J Autism Dev Disord 42(7):1304\u20131313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1356-0","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1751_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.07.004","volume":"53","author":"AB Lewin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Storch EA, Conelea CA, Woods DW, Scahill LD, Compton SN, Zinner SH, Budman CL, Walkup JT (2012) A phenomenological investigation of women with Tourette or other chronic tic disorders. Compr Psychiatry 53(5):525\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.07.004","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1751_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02151-9","volume":"127","author":"KR Edwards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edwards KR, Raines JM, Winnick JB, Sherman MF, Higginson CI, Navin K, Conteh F, Ricketts EJ, Specht MW (2020) Sex and psychiatric comorbidity correlates of the premonitory urge for tic scale in youth with persistent tic disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 127(6):977\u2013985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02151-9","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1751_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2014.07.003","volume":"30","author":"DG Lichter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lichter DG, Finnegan SG (2015) Influence of gender on Tourette syndrome beyond adolescence. Eur Psychiatry 30(2):334\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2014.07.003","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1751_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.010","volume":"56","author":"C Groth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Groth C, Mol Debes N, Rask CU, Lange T, Skov L (2017) Course of tourette syndrome and comorbidities in a large prospective clinical study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56(4):304\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1751_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1190-4","volume":"28","author":"A Schrag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schrag A, Martino D, Apter A, Ball J, Bartolini E, Benaroya-Milshtein N, Buttiglione M, Cardona F, Creti R, Efstratiou A, Gariup M, Georgitsi M, Hedderly T, Heyman I, Margarit I, Mir P, Moll N, Morer A, Muller N, Muller-Vahl K, Munchau A, Orefici G, Plessen KJ, Porcelli C, Paschou P, Rizzo R, Roessner V, Schwarz MJ, Steinberg T, Tagwerker Gloor F, Tarnok Z, Walitza S, Dietrich A, Hoekstra PJ, Group EC (2019) European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS): protocol for two cohort studies to assess risk factors for tic onset and exacerbation in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(1):91\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1190-4","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR20","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatry Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatry Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatry Press, Washington","edition":"4"},{"issue":"4","key":"1751_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","volume":"28","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KL, Stevenson J, Cohen DJ (1989) The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(4):566\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1751_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023","volume":"36","author":"L Scahill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, Ort SI, King RA, Goodman WK, Cicchetti D, Leckman JF (1997) Children\u2019s Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(6):844\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1751_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035174","volume":"26","author":"AB Lewin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lewin AB, Piacentini J, De Nadai AS, Jones AM, Peris TS, Geffken GR, Geller DA, Nadeau JM, Murphy TK, Storch EA (2014) Defining clinical severity in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Assess 26(2):679\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035174","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"1751_CR24","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"JM Swanson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swanson JM, Schuck S, Porter MM, Carlson C, Hartman CA, Sergeant JA, Clevenger W, Wasdell M, McCleary R, Lakes K, Wigal T (2012) Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: history of the SNAP and the SWAN rating scales. Int J Educ Psychol Assess 10(1):51\u201370","journal-title":"Int J Educ Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1751_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1023040610384","volume":"29","author":"S Ehlers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ehlers S, Gillberg C, Wing L (1999) A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age children. J Autism Dev Disord 29(2):129\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1023040610384","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1751_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38(5):581\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1751_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0015","volume":"124","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Craiglow BG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Dombrowski PA, Panza KE, Peterson BS, Leckman JF (2009) Predictors of early adult outcomes in pediatric-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatrics 124(4):1085\u20131093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-0015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1751_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Mathis MA, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Torres AR, Ferrao YA, Fossaluza V, Pereira C, Miguel E, do Rosario MC (2009) Early onset obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without tics. CNS Spectr 14 (7):362-370. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852900023014","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900023014"},{"issue":"5","key":"1751_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1015-2","volume":"21","author":"BM Mathes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathes BM, Morabito DM, Schmidt NB (2019) Epidemiological and clinical gender differences in OCD. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21(5):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1015-2","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1751_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.012","volume":"29","author":"DA Geller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geller DA (2006) Obsessive-compulsive and spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29(2):353\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.012","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"1751_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","volume":"56","author":"R Loomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL (2017) What Is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56(6):466\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramtekkar UP, Reiersen AM, Todorov AA, Todd RD (2010) Sex and age differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49 (3):217\u2013228 e211\u2013213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2009.11.011"},{"issue":"8","key":"1751_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011","volume":"36","author":"M Gaub","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gaub M, Carlson CL (1997) Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(8):1036\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1751_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200502000-00008","volume":"44","author":"BW Graetz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Graetz BW, Sawyer MG, Baghurst P (2005) Gender differences among children with DSM-IV ADHD in Australia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(2):159\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200502000-00008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0019-y","volume":"6","author":"AK Halladay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halladay AK, Bishop S, Constantino JN, Daniels AM, Koenig K, Palmer K, Messinger D, Pelphrey K, Sanders SJ, Singer AT, Taylor JL, Szatmari P (2015) Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority. Mol Autism 6:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-015-0019-y","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"7","key":"1751_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3510-4","volume":"48","author":"J Tillmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tillmann J, Ashwood K, Absoud M, Bolte S, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Buitelaar JK, Calderoni S, Calvo R, Canal-Bedia R, Canitano R, De Bildt A, Gomot M, Hoekstra PJ, Kaale A, McConachie H, Murphy DG, Narzisi A, Oosterling I, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Persico AM, Puig O, Roeyers H, Rommelse N, Sacco R, Scandurra V, Stanfield AC, Zander E, Charman T (2018) Evaluating sex and age differences in ADI-R and ADOS scores in a large European multi-site sample of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 48(7):2490\u20132505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3510-4","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1751_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 (1):8\u201319. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"issue":"4","key":"1751_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-006-0026-5","volume":"7","author":"SB Dwyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dwyer SB, Nicholson JM, Battistutta D (2006) Parent and teacher identification of children at risk of developing internalizing or externalizing mental health problems: a comparison of screening methods. Prev Sci 7(4):343\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-006-0026-5","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1751_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13155","volume":"140","author":"HM Huisman-van Dijk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huisman-van Dijk HM, Matthijssen S, Stockmann RTS, Fritz AV, Cath DC (2019) Effects of comorbidity on Tourette\u2019s tic severity and quality of life. Acta Neurol Scand 140(6):390\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.13155","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"1751_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01386-6","volume":"29","author":"N Benaroya-Milshtein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benaroya-Milshtein N, Shmuel-Baruch S, Apter A, Valevski A, Fenig S, Steinberg T (2020) Aggressive symptoms in children with tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29(5):617\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01386-6","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1751_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9919-0","volume":"43","author":"JV Lavigne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lavigne JV, Bryant FB, Hopkins J, Gouze KR (2015) Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder in young children: model comparisons, gender and longitudinal invariance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 43(3):423\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-014-9919-0","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1751_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.3.483","volume":"114","author":"JL Tackett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tackett JL, Krueger RF, Iacono WG, McGue M (2005) Symptom-based subfactors of DSM-defined conduct disorder: evidence for etiologic distinctions. J Abnorm Psychol 114(3):483\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.114.3.483","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1751_CR43","unstructured":"INSERM Collective Expertise Centre. INSERM Collective Expert Reports [Internet]. Paris: Institut national de la sant\u00e9 et de la recherche m\u00e9dicale; 2000-. Conduct: Disorder in children and adolescents. 2005. https:\/\/www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy-ub.rug.nl\/books\/NBK7133\/"}],"container-title":["European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01751-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01751-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01751-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T04:07:43Z","timestamp":1664856463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01751-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01751-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Coffey is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Abide Therapeutics and Teva\/ Nuvelution, has received honoraria from the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Partners Healthcare, Harvard Medical School, Teva, CME Outfitters, University of Cincinnati, University of Texas Medical Branch, and University of Florida, and has received research support from Teva\/ Nuvelution, Inc., Neurocrine Biosciences, Emalex, the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant No. 5R01MH115959-02), and University of California San Francisco. M\u00fcller-Vahl received funding for research from the EU (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN No. 316978), the German Research Society (DFG: GZ MU 1527\/3\u20131), the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: 01KG1421), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), GW, Almirall, Abide Therapeutics, and Therapix Biosiences, and consultant\u2019s honoraria from Abide Therapeutics, Fundacion Canna, and Therapix Biosiences. On behalf of all other authors, the corresponding author declares that the other authors have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The EMTICS study was approved by the local research ethics committees of each participating center and in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all parents or legal guardians, and children and adolescents were asked to sign informed assent forms when appropriate.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}