{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:03:48Z","timestamp":1793109828520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2011 a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) has developed the first European assessment guidelines for Tourette syndrome (TS). Now, we present an updated version 2.0 of these European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders, part I: assessment. Therefore, the available literature has been thoroughly screened, supplemented with national guidelines across countries and discussions among ESSTS experts. Diagnostic changes between DSM-IV and DSM-5 classifications were taken into account and new information has been added regarding differential diagnoses, with an emphasis on functional movement disorders in both children and adults. Further, recommendations regarding rating scales to evaluate tics, comorbidities, and neuropsychological status are provided. Finally, results from a recently performed survey among ESSTS members on assessment in TS are described. We acknowledge that the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is still the gold standard for assessing tics. Recommendations are provided for scales for the assessment of tics and psychiatric comorbidities in patients with TS not only in routine clinical practice, but also in the context of clinical research. Furthermore, assessments supporting the differential diagnosis process are given as well as tests to analyse cognitive abilities, emotional functions and motor skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01842-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T15:16:58Z","timestamp":1634570218000},"page":"383-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders\u2014version 2.0. Part I: assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6160-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Szejko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8239-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Ganos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanette M.","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liselotte","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3230-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"M\u00fcnchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0139-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Czernecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2538-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara L.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsanett","family":"Tarnok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-054X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammy","family":"Hedderly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9539-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle C.","family":"Cath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20050","volume":"12","author":"DA Regier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Regier DA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ (2013) The DSM-5: classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry 12(2):92\u201398","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-009-2807-0","volume":"80","author":"I Neuner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neuner I, Ludolph A (2009) Tics and Tourette\u2019s syndrome throughout the life span. Nervenarzt 80(11):1377\u20131387 (quiz 88)","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1081457","volume":"39","author":"NM Mol Debes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mol Debes NM, Hjalgrim H, Skov L (2008) Limited knowledge of Tourette syndrome causes delay in diagnosis. Neuropediatrics 39(2):101\u2013105","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0164-6","volume":"20","author":"DC Cath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cath DC, Hedderly T, Ludolph AG, Stern JS, Murphy T, Hartmann A et al (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20(4):155\u2013171","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0163-7","volume":"20","author":"V Roessner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A, Ludolph AG, Rizzo R, Skov L et al (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20(4):173\u2013196","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0167-3","volume":"20","author":"C Verdellen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, Murphy T (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20(4):197\u2013207","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0166-4","volume":"20","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl KR, Cath DC, Cavanna AE, Dehning S, Porta M, Robertson MM et al (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part IV: deep brain stimulation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20(4):209\u2013217","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002","volume":"47","author":"T Knight","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, Lowerison M, Jette N, Pringsheim T (2012) Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol 47(2):77\u201390","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26089","volume":"30","author":"JM Scharf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scharf JM, Miller LL, Gauvin CA, Alabiso J, Mathews CA, Ben-Shlomo Y (2015) Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 30(2):221\u2013228","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1842_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109675","volume":"95","author":"JLS Levine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levine JLS, Szejko N, Bloch MH (2019) Meta-analysis: adulthood prevalence of Tourette syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 95:109675","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.07.010","volume":"67","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Eapen V, Cavanna AE (2009) The international prevalence, epidemiology, and clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome: a cross-cultural perspective. J Psychosom Res 67(6):475\u2013483","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1842_CR12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS\/PHS) inMMWR v58 n21 (2007) Prevalence of diagnosed tourette syndrome in persons aged 6-17 years\u2013United States, pp 581\u2013585. Web site: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov"},{"issue":"9","key":"1842_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210068008","volume":"50","author":"A Apter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Apter A, Pauls DL, Bleich A, Zohar AH, Kron S, Ratzoni G et al (1993) An epidemiologic study of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome in Israel. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(9):734\u2013738","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.03.006","volume":"65","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robertson MM (2008) The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 1: the epidemiological and prevalence studies. J Psychosom Res 65(5):461\u2013472","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26766","volume":"31","author":"J Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang J, Hirsch L, Martino D, Jette N, Roberts J, Pringsheim T (2016) The prevalence of diagnosed tourette syndrome in Canada: a national population-based study. Mov Disord 31(11):1658\u20131663","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070857","volume":"176","author":"D Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu D, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, Nawaz MS, Huang AY, Zelaya I et al (2019) Interrogating the genetic determinants of Tourette\u2019s syndrome and other tic disorders through genome-wide association studies. Am J Psychiatry 176(3):217\u2013227","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.04.024","volume":"94","author":"AJ Willsey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Willsey AJ, Fernandez TV, Yu D, King RA, Dietrich A, Xing J et al (2017) De novo coding variants are strongly associated with Tourette disorder. Neuron 94(3):486\u201399.e9","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.09.011","volume":"85","author":"M Abdulkadir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdulkadir M, Mathews CA, Scharf JM, Yu D, Tischfield JA, Heiman GA et al (2019) Polygenic risk scores derived from a Tourette syndrome genome-wide association study predict presence of tics in the avon longitudinal study of parents and children cohort. Biol Psychiatry 85(4):298\u2013304","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445514522056","volume":"38","author":"J Buse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buse J, Kirschbaum C, Leckman JF, M\u00fcnchau A, Roessner V (2014) The modulating role of stress in the onset and course of Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a review. Behav Modif 38(2):184\u2013216","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.31","volume":"23","author":"G Brander","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brander G, Rydell M, Kuja-Halkola R, Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L, Lichtenstein P, Serlachius E et al (2018) Perinatal risk factors in Tourette\u2019s and chronic tic disorders: a total population sibling comparison study. Mol Psychiatry 23(5):1189\u20131197","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.010","volume":"37","author":"PJ Hoekstra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A, Edwards MJ, Elamin I, Martino D (2013) Environmental factors in Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(6):1040\u20131049","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428","volume":"76","author":"O K\u00f6hler-Forsberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler-Forsberg O, Petersen L, Gasse C, Mortensen PB, Dalsgaard S, Yolken RH et al (2019) A Nationwide Study in Denmark of the association between treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiat 76(3):271\u2013279","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","volume":"72","author":"ME Hirschtritt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, Dion Y, Grados MA, Illmann C et al (2015) Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiat 72(4):325\u2013333","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002","volume":"67","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Leckman JF (2009) Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 67(6):497\u2013501","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1842_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199796267.003.0005","volume-title":"Clinical course and adult outcome in Tourette syndrome","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bloch MH (2013) Clinical course and adult outcome in Tourette syndrome. Oxford University Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR26","first-page":"936","volume":"25","author":"HS Singer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singer HS (2019) Tics and Tourette syndrome. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 25(4):936\u2013958","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.e578","volume":"113","author":"F Luo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luo F, Leckman JF, Katsovich L, Findley D, Grantz H, Tucker DM et al (2004) Prospective longitudinal study of children with tic disorders and\/or obsessive-compulsive disorder: relationship of symptom exacerbations to newly acquired streptococcal infections. Pediatrics 113(6):e578\u2013e585","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"1842_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.14","volume":"102","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C et al (1998) Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics 102(1 Pt 1):14\u201319","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000086370.10186.7C","volume":"61","author":"EJ Pappert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Louis ED, Blasucci L, Leurgans S (2003) Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neurology 61(7):936\u2013940","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239409149009","volume":"6","author":"CM de Groot","year":"1994","unstructured":"de Groot CM, Bornstein RA, Spetie L, Burriss B (1994) The course of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study. Ann Clin Psychiatry 6(4):227\u2013233","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200005000-00008","volume":"39","author":"BJ Coffey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coffey BJ, Biederman J, Geller DA, Spencer TJ, Kim GS, Bellordre CA et al (2000) Distinguishing illness severity from tic severity in children and adolescents with Tourette\u2019s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(5):556\u2013561","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000144696.14555.c4","volume":"192","author":"BJ Coffey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coffey BJ, Biederman J, Geller D, Frazier J, Spencer T, Doyle R et al (2004) Reexamining Tic persistence and Tic-associated impairment in Tourette\u2019s Disorder: findings from a naturalistic follow-up study. J Nerv Ment Dis 192(11):776\u2013780","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.1.65","volume":"160","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, Otka J, Katsovich L, Zhang H et al (2006) Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160(1):65\u201369","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"1842_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819867245","volume":"34","author":"C Groth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Groth C, Skov L, Lange T, Debes NM (2019) Predictors of the clinical course of Tourette syndrome: a longitudinal study. J Child Neurol 34(14):913\u2013921","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"1842_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01822-7","volume":"55","author":"B Mahjani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahjani B, Dellenvall K, Grahnat AS, Karlsson G, Tuuliainen A, Reichert J et al (2020) Cohort profile: epidemiology and genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic tic disorders in Sweden (EGOS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 55:1383\u20131393","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445513504432","volume":"38","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eddy CM, Cavanna AE (2014) Premonitory urges in adults with complicated and uncomplicated Tourette syndrome. Behav Modif 38(2):264\u2013275","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"1842_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00415","volume":"10","author":"T Sambrani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sambrani T, Jakubovski E, M\u00fcller-Vahl KR (2016) New insights into clinical characteristics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: findings in 1032 patients from a single German center. Front Neurosci 10:415","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.04.019","volume":"209","author":"E Crossley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crossley E, Cavanna AE (2013) Sensory phenomena: clinical correlates and impact on quality of life in adult patients with Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res 209(3):705\u2013710","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.09.002","volume":"45","author":"HE Reese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reese HE, Scahill L, Peterson AL, Crowe K, Woods DW, Piacentini J et al (2014) The premonitory urge to tic: measurement, characteristics, and correlates in older adolescents and adults. Behav Ther 45(2):177\u2013186","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.03.003","volume":"76","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl KR, Riemann L, Bokemeyer S (2014) Tourette patients\u2019 misbelief of a tic rebound is due to overall difficulties in reliable tic rating. J Psychosom Res 76(6):472\u2013476","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1842_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2011.618634","volume":"2","author":"C Ganos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ganos C, Hummel FC (2011) My urge, my tic\u2014a missing link between urges and tic inhibition. Cogn Neurosci 2(3\u20134):249\u2013250","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1842_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.047","volume":"242","author":"M Barnea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barnea M, Benaroya-Milshtein N, Gilboa-Sechtman E, Woods DW, Piacentini J, Fennig S et al (2016) Subjective versus objective measures of tic severity in Tourette syndrome\u2014the influence of environment. Psychiatry Res 242:204\u2013209","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000161","volume":"29","author":"E Misirlisoy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Misirlisoy E, Brandt V, Ganos C, T\u00fcbing J, M\u00fcnchau A, Haggard P (2015) The relation between attention and tic generation in Tourette syndrome. Neuropsychology 29(4):658\u2013665","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2014.954990","volume":"6","author":"VC Brandt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brandt VC, Lynn MT, Obst M, Brass M, M\u00fcnchau A (2015) Visual feedback of own tics increases tic frequency in patients with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Cogn Neurosci 6(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1842_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.06.016","volume":"120","author":"K Herrmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herrmann K, Sprenger A, Baumung L, Alvarez-Fischer D, Muenchau A, Brandt V (2019) Help or hurt? How attention modulates tics under different conditions. Cortex 120:471\u2013482","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.813","volume":"53","author":"PA Hanna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanna PA, Janjua FN, Contant CF, Jankovic J (1999) Bilineal transmission in Tourette syndrome. Neurology 53(4):813\u2013818","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070857","volume":"176","author":"D Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu D, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, Nawaz MS, Huang AY, Zelaya I et al (2019) Interrogating the genetic determinants of Tourette\u2019s syndrome and other tic disorders through genome-wide association studies. Am J Psychiatry 176(3):217\u2013227","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32436","volume":"171","author":"R Pinto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinto R, Monzani B, Leckman JF, R\u00fcck C, Serlachius E, Lichtenstein P et al (2016) Understanding the covariation of tics, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a population-based adult twin study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 171(7):938\u2013947","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002981","volume":"47","author":"NR Zilh\u00e3o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zilh\u00e3o NR, Olthof MC, Smit DJ, Cath DC, Ligthart L, Mathews CA et al (2017) Heritability of tic disorders: a twin-family study. Psychol Med 47(6):1085\u20131096","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.69","volume":"18","author":"JM Scharf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scharf JM, Yu D, Mathews CA, Neale BM, Stewart SE, Fagerness JA et al (2013) Genome-wide association study of Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 18(6):721\u2013728","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0627","volume":"72","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, P\u00e9rez-Vigil A, Chang Z, R\u00fcck C, Larsson KJ et al (2015) Familial risks of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. A population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiat 72(8):787\u2013793","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"10","key":"1842_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003864","volume":"9","author":"LK Davis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davis LK, Yu D, Keenan CL, Gamazon ER, Konkashbaev AI, Derks EM et al (2013) Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture. PLoS Genet 9(10):e1003864","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.010","volume":"94","author":"AY Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang AY, Yu D, Davis LK, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, Ramensky V et al (2017) Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome. Neuron 94(6):1101\u201311.e7","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1842_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.006","volume":"134","author":"D Martino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martino D, Ganos C, Pringsheim TM (2017) Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: the clinical spectrum beyond tics. Int Rev Neurobiol 134:1461\u20131490","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301752","volume":"83","author":"LA Fibbe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fibbe LA, Cath DC, van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Tijssen MA, van Balkom AJ (2012) Relationship between movement disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond the obsessive-compulsive-tic phenotype. A systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83(6):646\u2013654","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1842_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00638","volume":"10","author":"N Szejko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szejko N, Jakubczyk A, Janik P (2019) Prevalence and clinical correlates of self-harm behaviors in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Front Psychiatry 10:638","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701279545","volume":"36","author":"EA Storch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Lack C, Milsom VA, Geffken GR, Goodman WK et al (2007) Quality of life in youth with Tourette\u2019s syndrome and chronic tic disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36(2):217\u2013227","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-010-0211-4","volume":"42","author":"CA Conelea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conelea CA, Woods DW, Zinner SH, Budman C, Murphy T, Scahill LD et al (2011) Exploring the impact of chronic tic disorders on youth: results from the Tourette Syndrome Impact Survey. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 42(2):219\u2013242","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13155","volume":"140","author":"HM Huisman-van Dijk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huisman-van Dijk HM, Matthijssen SJMA, Stockmann RTS, Fritz AV, Cath DC (2019) Effects of comorbidity on Tourette\u2019s tic severity and quality of life. Acta Neurol Scand 140(6):390\u2013398","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718772158","volume":"23","author":"S Erbilgin G\u00fcn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erbilgin G\u00fcn S, Kilincaslan A (2019) Quality of life among children and adolescents with Tourette disorder and comorbid ADHD: a clinical controlled study. J Atten Disord 23(8):817\u2013827","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713518822","volume":"21","author":"S Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu S, Zheng L, Zheng X, Zhang X, Yi M, Ma X (2017) The subjective quality of life in young people with Tourette syndrome in China. J Atten Disord 21(5):426\u2013432","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162200000839","volume":"42","author":"RD Freeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P (2000) An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(7):436\u2013447","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1842_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012959","volume":"5","author":"Y Worbe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Worbe Y, Mallet L, Golmard JL, B\u00e9har C, Durif F, Jalenques I et al (2010) Repetitive behaviours in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: tics, compulsions, or both? PLoS ONE 5(9):e12959","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001672","volume":"48","author":"ME Hirschtritt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirschtritt ME, Darrow SM, Illmann C, Osiecki L, Grados M, Sandor P et al (2018) Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive\u2013compulsive and attention-deficit\/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome. Psychol Med 48(2):279\u2013293","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.09.008","volume":"33","author":"C Ganos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ganos C, Martino D (2015) Tics and Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 33(1):115\u2013136","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-006-9086-z","volume":"35","author":"V Roessner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roessner V, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2007) Psychopathological profile in children with chronic tic disorder and co-existing ADHD: additive effects. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35(1):79\u201385","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.002","volume":"56","author":"SM Darrow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Darrow SM, Grados M, Sandor P, Hirschtritt ME, Illmann C, Osiecki L et al (2017) Autism spectrum symptoms in a Tourette\u2019s disorder sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56(7):610\u20137.e1","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1842_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S210227","volume":"15","author":"V Eapen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eapen V, McPherson S, Karlov L, Nicholls L, \u010crn\u010dec R, Mulligan A (2019) Social communication deficits and restricted repetitive behavior symptoms in Tourette syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 15:2151\u20132160","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"1842_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.051","volume":"237","author":"HM Huisman-van Dijk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huisman-van Dijk HM, Schoot RVD, Rijkeboer MM, Mathews CA, Cath DC (2016) The relationship between tics, OC, ADHD and autism symptoms: a cross-disorder symptom analysis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome patients and family-members. Psychiatry Res 237:138\u2013146","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.09.029","volume":"205","author":"K Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen K, Budman CL, Diego Herrera L, Witkin JE, Weiss NT, Lowe TL et al (2013) Prevalence and clinical correlates of explosive outbursts in Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res 205(3):269\u2013275","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-016-0099-1","volume":"3","author":"A Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar A, Trescher W, Byler D (2016) Tourette syndrome and comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions. Curr Dev Disord Rep 3(4):217\u2013221","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00584-6","volume":"55","author":"CL Budman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Budman CL, Rockmore L, Stokes J, Sossin M (2003) Clinical phenomenology of episodic rage in children with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 55(1):59\u201365","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1842_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00956","volume":"10","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl KR, Kayser L, Pisarenko A, Haas M, Psathakis N, Palm L et al (2020) The Rage Attack Questionnaire-Revised (RAQ-R): assessing rage attacks in adults with Tourette syndrome. Front Psychiatry 10:956","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000550","volume":"39","author":"AH Claussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Claussen AH, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Bloomfield J, Giordano K (2018) Impact of Tourette syndrome on school measures in a nationally representative sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr 39(4):335\u2013342","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-34","volume":"5","author":"L Burd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burd L, Freeman RD, Klug MG, Kerbeshian J (2005) Tourette syndrome and learning disabilities. BMC Pediatr 5(1):34","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1985.tb04083.x","volume":"55","author":"ME Stefl","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stefl ME, Rubin M (1985) Tourette syndrome in the classroom: special problems, special needs. J Sch Health 55(2):72\u201375","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1842_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0823-8","volume":"25","author":"J Evans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evans J, Seri S, Cavanna AE (2016) The effects of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders on quality of life across the lifespan: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25(9):939\u2013948","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1842_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714545536","volume":"21","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eddy CM, Cavanna AE (2017) Set-shifting deficits: a possible neurocognitive endophenotype for Tourette syndrome without ADHD. J Atten Disord 21(10):824\u2013834","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7080106","volume":"7","author":"S Morand-Beaulieu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morand-Beaulieu S, Leclerc JB, Valois P, Lavoie ME, O\u2019Connor KP, Gauthier B (2017) A review of the neuropsychological dimensions of Tourette syndrome. Brain Sci 7(8):106","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90150-4","volume":"33","author":"RA Bornstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bornstein RA (1990) Neuropsychological performance in children with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Psychiatry Res 33(1):73\u201381","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2010.07.007","volume":"15","author":"NM Debes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Debes NM, Lange T, Jessen TL, Hjalgrim H, Skov L (2011) Performance on Wechsler intelligence scales in children with Tourette syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15(2):146\u2013154","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1842_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4137\/JEN.S25095","volume":"9","author":"N Kalsi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalsi N, Tambelli R, Aceto P, Lai C (2015) Are motor skills and motor inhibitions impaired in Tourette syndrome? A Review. J Exp Neurosci 9:57\u201365","journal-title":"J Exp Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/08039480903248096","volume":"64","author":"N Khalifa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khalifa N, Dalan M, Rydell AM (2010) Tourette syndrome in the general child population: cognitive functioning and self- perception. Nord J Psychiatry 64(1):11-18","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1842_CR84","first-page":"103","volume":"85","author":"PG Como","year":"2001","unstructured":"Como PG (2001) Neuropsychological function in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 85:103\u2013111","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12050116","volume":"25","author":"JW Mitchell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mitchell JW, Cavanna AE (2013) Handwriting abnormality in Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 25(2):E40\u2013E41","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1842_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00015","volume":"7","author":"C Zanaboni Dina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zanaboni Dina C, Bona AR, Zekaj E, Servello D, Porta M (2016) Handwriting tics in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a single center study. Front Psychiatry 7:15","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1842_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.006","volume":"80","author":"S Morand-Beaulieu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morand-Beaulieu S, Grot S, Lavoie J, Leclerc JB, Luck D, Lavoie ME (2017) The puzzling question of inhibitory control in Tourette syndrome: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 80:240\u2013262","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1842_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.08.008","volume":"27","author":"F Lange","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lange F, Seer C, M\u00fcller-Vahl K, Kopp B (2017) Cognitive flexibility and its electrophysiological correlates in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Dev Cogn Neurosci 27:78\u201390","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR89","first-page":"1155","volume":"49","author":"DG Sukhodolsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sukhodolsky DG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT (2010) Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49(11):1155\u20131164","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/417516","volume":"27","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eddy CM, Cavanna AE (2013) Altered social cognition in Tourette syndrome: nature and implications. Behav Neurol 27(1):15\u201322","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12132","volume":"13","author":"VC Brandt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brandt VC, Moczydlowski A, Jonas M, Boelmans K, B\u00e4umer T, Brass M et al (2019) Imitation inhibition in children with Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychol 13(1):82\u201395","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1842_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.11.007","volume":"124","author":"TJC Openneer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Openneer TJC, Forde NJ, Akkermans SEA, Naaijen J, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ et al (2020) Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: cross-disorder or unique impairments? Cortex 124:176\u2013187","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.05.023","volume":"200","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE (2012) Executive functions in uncomplicated Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res 200(1):46\u201348","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.006","volume":"19","author":"GM Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson GM, Draper A, Dyke K, P\u00e9p\u00e9s SE, Jackson SR (2015) Inhibition, disinhibition, and the control of action in Tourette syndrome. Trends Cogn Sci 19(11):655\u2013665","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1842_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.08.037","volume":"100","author":"\u00c1 Tak\u00e1cs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tak\u00e1cs \u00c1, K\u00f3bor A, Chezan J, \u00c9ltet\u0151 N, T\u00e1rnok Z, Nemeth D et al (2018) Is procedural memory enhanced in Tourette syndrome? Evidence from a sequence learning task. Cortex 100:84\u201394","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"1842_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv307","volume":"139","author":"C Delorme","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delorme C, Salvador A, Valabr\u00e8gue R, Roze E, Palminteri S, Vidailhet M et al (2016) Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain 139(Pt 2):605\u2013615","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1842_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.09.038","volume":"262","author":"A Yaniv","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaniv A, Benaroya-Milshtein N, Steinberg T, Ruhrman D, Apter A, Lavidor M (2018) Executive control development in Tourette syndrome and its role in tic reduction. Psychiatry Res 262:527\u2013535","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1842_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27855","volume":"34","author":"T Mainka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mainka T, Balint B, G\u00f6vert F, Kurvits L, van Riesen C, K\u00fchn AA et al (2019) The spectrum of involuntary vocalizations in humans: a video atlas. Mov Disord 34(12):1774\u20131791","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12001","volume":"1","author":"C Ganos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ganos C, Mencacci N, Gardiner A, Erro R, Batla A, Houlden H et al (2014) Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia may be misdiagnosed in co-occurring Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Mov Disord Clin Pract 1(1):84\u201386","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12043","volume":"1","author":"C Ganos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ganos C, M\u00fcnchau A, Bhatia KP (2014) The semiology of tics, Tourette\u2019s, and their associations. Mov Disord Clin Pract 1(3):145\u2013153","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23484","volume":"26","author":"J Dam\u00e1sio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dam\u00e1sio J, Edwards MJ, Alonso-Canovas A, Schwingenschuh P, K\u00e4gi G, Bhatia KP (2011) The clinical syndrome of primary tic disorder associated with dystonia: a large clinical series and a review of the literature. Mov Disord 26(4):679\u2013684","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1842_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.02.005","volume":"59","author":"D Martino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martino D, Hedderly T (2019) Tics and stereotypies: a comparative clinical review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 59:117\u2013124","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.03.008","volume":"16","author":"HS Singer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singer HS (2009) Motor stereotypies. Semin Pediatr Neurol 16(2):77\u201381","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13164","volume":"59","author":"MW Specht","year":"2017","unstructured":"Specht MW, Mahone EM, Kline T, Waranch R, Brabson L, Thompson CB et al (2017) Efficacy of parent-delivered behavioral therapy for primary complex motor stereotypies. Dev Med Child Neurol 59(2):168\u2013173","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.4.406","volume":"59","author":"SA Factor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Factor SA, Podskalny GD, Molho ES (1995) Psychogenic movement disorders: frequency, clinical profile, and characteristics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59(4):406\u2013412","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1842_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.05.011","volume":"112","author":"J Stone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Roberts R, Warlow C, Hibberd C et al (2010) Who is referred to neurology clinics?\u2014the diagnoses made in 3781 new patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 112(9):747\u2013751","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8551-7","volume":"264","author":"JF Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2017) Functional (psychogenic) stereotypies. J Neurol 264(7):1482\u20131487","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12609","volume":"22","author":"B Demartini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demartini B, Ricciardi L, Parees I, Ganos C, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2015) A positive diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) tics. Eur J Neurol 22(3):527-e36","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR109","first-page":"835","volume":"48","author":"P Janik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janik P, Milanowski L, Szejko N (2014) Psychogenic tics: clinical characteristics and prevalence. Psychiatr Pol 48(4):835\u201345","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1842_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008372","volume":"93","author":"C Ganos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ganos C, Martino D, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2019) Tics and functional tic-like movements: can we tell them apart? Neurology 93(17):750\u20138","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1842_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.10.021","volume":"246","author":"C Ganos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ganos C, Edwards MJ, Muller-Vahl K (2016) \u201cI swear it is Tourette\u2019s!\u201d: on functional coprolalia and other tic-like vocalizations. Psychiatry Res 246:821\u20136","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1842_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00046","volume":"4","author":"S Robinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinson S, Hedderly T (2016) Novel psychological formulation and treatment of \u201cTic Attacks\u201d in Tourette syndrome. Front Pediatr 4:46","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"1842_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.016","volume":"126","author":"A Senberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senberg A, M\u00fcnchau A, M\u00fcnte T, Beste C, Roessner V (2021) Swearing and coprophenomena\u2014a multidimensional approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 126:12\u201322","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2013.03.001","volume":"48","author":"M Kobierska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kobierska M, Sitek M, Gocy\u0142a K, Janik P (2014) Coprolalia and copropraxia in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurol Neurochir Pol 48(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"1842_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.10.021","volume":"246","author":"C Ganos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ganos C, Edwards MJ, M\u00fcller-Vahl K (2016) \u201cI swear it is Tourette\u2019s!\u201d: on functional coprolalia and other tic-like vocalizations. Psychiatry Res 246:821\u20136","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321748","volume":"106","author":"I Heyman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heyman I, Liang H, Hedderly T (2021) COVID-19 related increase in childhood tics and tic-like attacks. Arch Dis Child 106(5):420","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12199","volume":"2","author":"C Ganos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ganos C, M\u00fcller-Vahl K, Bhatia KP (2015) Blocking phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2(4):438\u20139","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1285941","volume":"21","author":"F Chiarello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiarello F, Spitoni S, Hollander E, Matucci Cerinic M, Pallanti S (2017) An expert opinion on PANDAS\/PANS: highlights and controversies. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 21(2):91\u20138","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0145","volume":"27","author":"M Thienemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thienemann M, Murphy T, Leckman J, Shaw R, Williams K, Kapphahn C et al (2017) Clinical management of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: part I-psychiatric and behavioral interventions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 27(7):566\u201373","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1842_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1680","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011610","volume":"96","author":"D Martino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martino D, Schrag A, Anastasiou Z, Apter A, Benaroya-Milstein N, Buttiglione M et al (2021) Association of Group A Streptococcus exposure and exacerbations of chronic tic disorders: a multinational prospective cohort study. Neurology 96(12):e1680\u2013e93","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1842_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011608","volume":"96","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Coffman KA (2021) Streptococcus and tics: another brick in the wall? Neurology 96(12):560\u20131","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1842_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.08.008","volume":"81","author":"V Baglioni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baglioni V, Coutinho E, Menassa DA, Giannoccaro MP, Jacobson L, Buttiglione M et al (2019) Antibodies to neuronal surface proteins in Tourette syndrome: lack of evidence in a European paediatric cohort. Brain Behav Immun 81:665\u20139","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-009-9184-9","volume":"39","author":"VP Zykov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zykov VP, Shcherbina AY, Novikova EB, Shvabrina TV (2009) Neuroimmune aspects of the pathogenesis of Tourette\u2019s syndrome and experience in the use of immunoglobulins in children. Neurosci Behav Physiol 39(7):635\u20138","journal-title":"Neurosci Behav Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0413","volume":"65","author":"PJ Hoekstra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoekstra PJ, Minderaa RB, Kallenberg CG (2004) Lack of effect of intravenous immunoglobulins on tics: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 65(4):537\u201342","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073820967518","volume":"36","author":"JF Garris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garris JF, Huddleston DA, Jackson HS, Horn PS, Gilbert DL (2021) Implementation of the mini-child Tourette syndrome impairment scale: relationships to symptom severity and treatment decisions. J Child Neurol 36(4):288\u201395","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm034","volume":"32","author":"EA Storch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Storch EA, Lack CW, Simons LE, Goodman WK, Murphy TK, Geffken GR (2007) A measure of functional impairment in youth with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Pediatr Psychol 32(8):950\u20139","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1842_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2108","volume":"53","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Kurlan R, Cohen DJ, Leckman JF, McMahon W et al (1999) The Tourette syndrome diagnostic confidence index: development and clinical associations. Neurology 53(9):2108\u201312","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2013.0128","volume":"24","author":"AB Lewin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lewin AB, Mink JW, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Parker-Athill EC, Hanks C et al (2014) Utility of the diagnostic interview schedule for children for assessing Tourette syndrome in children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 24(5):275\u201384","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980\u20138","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.693","volume":"18","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Leurgans M, Arntz A (2011) Inter-rater reliability of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID I) and Axis II disorders (SCID II). Clin Psychol Psychother 18(1):75\u20139","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","volume":"71","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH, Shytle RD, Janavs J, Bannon Y, Rogers JE et al (2010) Reliability and validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID). J Clin Psychiatry 71(3):313\u201326","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023","volume":"36","author":"L Scahill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, Ort SI, King RA, Goodman WK et al (1997) Children\u2019s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(6):844\u201352","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.05.029","volume":"58","author":"EA Storch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Storch EA, McGuire JF, Wu MS, Hamblin R, McIngvale E, Cepeda SL et al (2019) Development and psychometric evaluation of the children\u2019s yale-brown obsessive-compulsive scale second edition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 58(1):92\u20138","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","volume":"46","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL et al (1989) The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46(11):1006\u201311","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20088","volume":"22","author":"EA Storch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Storch EA, Shapira NA, Dimoulas E, Geffken GR, Murphy TK, Goodman WK (2005) Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: the dimensional structure revisited. Depress Anxiety 22(1):28\u201335","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107313888","volume":"15","author":"R Bussing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, Wei H, Garvan CW, Eyberg SM et al (2008) Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment 15(3):317\u201328","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025014929212","volume":"33","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Constantino JN, Davis SA, Todd RD, Schindler MK, Gross MM, Brophy SL et al (2003) Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. J Autism Dev Disord 33(4):427\u201333","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995) Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51(6):768\u201374","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200512000-00001","volume":"26","author":"DW Woods","year":"2005","unstructured":"Woods DW, Piacentini J, Himle MB, Chang S (2005) Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): initial psychometric results and examination of the premonitory urge phenomenon in youths with Tic disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 26(6):397\u2013403","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"1842_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.09.007","volume":"83","author":"JF McGuire","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGuire JF, McBride N, Piacentini J, Johnco C, Lewin AB, Murphy TK et al (2016) The premonitory urge revisited: an individualized premonitory urge for tics scale. J Psychiatr Res 83:176\u201383","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","volume":"28","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KL, Stevenson J et al (1989) The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(4):566\u201373","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00130-8","volume":"38","author":"BF Chorpita","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chorpita BF, Yim L, Moffitt C, Umemoto LA, Francis SE (2000) Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behav Res Ther 38(8):835\u201355","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1842_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","volume":"4","author":"AT Beck","year":"1961","unstructured":"Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4:561\u201371","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","volume":"56","author":"AT Beck","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA (1988) An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 56(6):893\u20137","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR145","first-page":"28","volume":"4","author":"J Busner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Busner J, Targum SD (2007) The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 4(7):28\u201337","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/140210","volume":"27","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Luoni C, Selvini C, Blangiardo R, Eddy CM, Silvestri PR et al (2013) The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale for children and adolescents (C&A-GTS-QOL): development and validation of the Italian version. Behav Neurol 27(1):95\u2013103","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116638426","volume":"24","author":"O Hirsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hirsch O, Christiansen H (2016) Factorial structure and validity of the quantified behavior test plus (Qb+\u00a9). Assessment 24(8):1037\u201349","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2009.02.001","volume":"41","author":"EB Foa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Foa EB, Coles M, Huppert JD, Pasupuleti RV, Franklin ME, March J (2010) Development and validation of a child version of the obsessive compulsive inventory. Behav Ther 41(1):121\u201332","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60602-6","volume":"25","author":"CJ Berg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Berg CJ, Rapoport JL, Flament M (1986) The Leyton obsessional inventory-child version. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 25(1):84\u201391","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.6.885","volume":"150","author":"MF Ward","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW (1993) The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150(6):885\u201390","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26891","volume":"32","author":"D Martino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martino D, Pringsheim TM, Cavanna AE, Colosimo C, Hartmann A, Leckman JF et al (2017) Systematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 32(3):467\u201373","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191103255497","volume":"10","author":"RD Shytle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shytle RD, Silver AA, Sheehan KH, Wilkinson BJ, Newman M, Sanberg PR et al (2003) The Tourette\u2019s Disorder Scale (TODS): development, reliability, and validity. Assessment 10(3):273\u201387","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199905)14:3<502::AID-MDS1020>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"14","author":"CG Goetz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Pappert EJ, Louis ED, Raman R, Leurgans S (1999) Advantages of a modified scoring method for the Rush Video-Based Tic Rating Scale. Mov Disord 14(3):502\u20136","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1842_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1159","volume":"16","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Leurgans S, Chmura TA (2001) Home alone: methods to maximize tic expression for objective videotape assessments in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 16(4):693\u20137","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1842_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.26347.2","volume":"9","author":"JK Black","year":"2021","unstructured":"Black JK, Koller JM, Black KJ (2021) TicTimer Web: software for measuring tic suppression remotely. F1000Research 9:1264","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.013","volume":"37","author":"SC Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen SC, Leckman JF, Bloch MH (2013) Clinical assessment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(6):997\u20131007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1842_CR157","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","author":"AK Shapiro","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Young JG, Feinberg TE (1988) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, 2nd edn. Raven Press, Publishers, New York","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12216","volume":"15","author":"L Baumung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baumung L, M\u00fcller-Vahl K, Dyke K, Jackson G, Jackson S, Golm D et al (2021) Developing the premonitory urges for tic disorders scale-revised (PUTS-R). J Neuropsychol 15(1):129\u201342","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1842_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.1994.4.269","volume":"4","author":"G Gaffney","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gaffney G, Sieg K, Hellings J (1994) The MOVES: a self-rating scale for Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 4:269\u201380","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198403000-00006","volume":"23","author":"DF Harcherik","year":"1984","unstructured":"Harcherik DF, Leckman JF, Detlor J, Cohen DJ (1984) A new instrument for clinical studies of Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23(2):153\u201360","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.05.006","volume":"49","author":"EJ Ricketts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ricketts EJ, McGuire JF, Chang S, Bose D, Rasch MM, Woods DW et al (2018) Benchmarking treatment response in Tourette\u2019s disorder: a psychometric evaluation and signal detection analysis of the parent tic questionnaire. Behav Ther 49(1):46\u201356","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1563-0","volume":"17","author":"C M\u00e5rland","year":"2017","unstructured":"M\u00e5rland C, Lichtenstein P, Degl\u2019Innocenti A, Larson T, R\u00e5stam M, Anckars\u00e4ter H et al (2017) The Autism-Tics, ADHD and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC): previous and predictive validity. BMC Psychiatry 17(1):403","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"1842_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1711","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005474","volume":"90","author":"JF McGuire","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Storch EA, Murphy TK, Ricketts EJ, Woods DW et al (2018) A multicenter examination and strategic revisions of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Neurology 90(19):e1711\u2013e9","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1842_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.626459","volume":"12","author":"M Haas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haas M, Jakubovski E, Fremer C, Dietrich A, Hoekstra PJ, J\u00e4ger B et al (2021) Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS): psychometric quality of the gold standard for tic assessment based on the large-scale EMTICS study. Front. Psychiatry 12:98","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2015.06.002","volume":"46","author":"A Abramovitch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abramovitch A, Reese H, Woods DW, Peterson A, Deckersbach T, Piacentini J et al (2015) Psychometric properties of a self-report instrument for the assessment of tic severity in adults with tic disorders. Behav Ther 46(6):786\u201396","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"1842_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010","volume":"40","author":"D Shaffer","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H et al (1983) A children\u2019s global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(11):1228\u201331","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"18","key":"1842_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327890.02893.61","volume":"71","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Schrag A, Morley D, Orth M, Robertson MM, Joyce E et al (2008) The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome-quality of life scale (GTS-QOL): development and validation. Neurology 71(18):1410\u20136","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13285","volume":"59","author":"KI Cloes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cloes KI, Barfell KS, Horn PS, Wu SW, Jacobson SE, Hart KJ et al (2017) Preliminary evaluation of child self-rating using the Child Tourette Syndrome Impairment Scale. Dev Med Child Neurol 59(3):284\u201390","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817702782","volume":"32","author":"KSF Barfell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barfell KSF, Snyder RR, Isaacs-Cloes KM, Garris JF, Roeckner AR, Horn PS et al (2017) Parent and patient perceptions of functional impairment due to Tourette syndrome: development of a shortened version of the child Tourette syndrome impairment scale. J Child Neurol 32(8):725\u201330","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816670083","volume":"32","author":"MT Su","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su MT, McFarlane F, Cavanna AE, Termine C, Murray I, Heidemeyer L et al (2017) The english version of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome-quality of life scale for children and adolescents (C&A-GTS-QOL). J Child Neurol 32(1):76\u201383","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435221","volume":"2","author":"J Brazier","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brazier J, Jones N, Kind P (1993) Testing the validity of the Euroqol and comparing it with the SF-36 health survey questionnaire. Qual Life Res 2(3):169\u201380","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR172","first-page":"155","volume":"78","author":"G Balestroni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balestroni G, Bertolotti G (2012) EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D): an instrument for measuring quality of life. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 78(3):155\u20139","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913594","volume":"16","author":"M Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen M (1988) The Revised Conners Parent Rating Scale: factor structure replication with a diversified clinical sample. J Abnorm Child Psychol 16(2):187\u201396","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1842_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bean J. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey AVLT. p\u00a02174\u20132175 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1153"},{"key":"1842_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010802622730","volume":"19","author":"B Engel-Yeger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Engel-Yeger B, Josman N, Rosenblum S (2009) Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-C): an examination of construct validity. Neuropsychol Rehabil 19:662\u201376","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"1842_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth C (2011) Boston diagnostic aphasia examination. In: Kreutzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds) Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology. Springer, New York, pp\u00a0428\u2013430","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_868"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2012.760535","volume":"35","author":"RJ Spencer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spencer RJ, Wendell CR, Giggey PP, Seliger SL, Katzel LI, Waldstein SR (2013) Judgment of line orientation: an examination of eight short forms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 35(2):160\u20136","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1842_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth C (2011) Boston naming test. In: Kreutzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds) Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology. Springer, New York, pp\u00a0430\u2013433","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_869"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/17.7.643","volume":"17","author":"EM Mahone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahone EM, Cirino PT, Cutting LE, Cerrone PM, Hagelthorn KM, Hiemenz JR et al (2002) Validity of the behavior rating inventory of executive function in children with ADHD and\/or Tourette syndrome. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 17(7):643\u201362","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1842_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2006.08.004","volume":"21","author":"LA Rabin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rabin LA, Roth RM, Isquith PK, Wishart HA, Nutter-Upham KE, Pare N et al (2006) Self- and informant reports of executive function on the BRIEF-A in MCI and older adults with cognitive complaints. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 21(7):721\u201332","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705283578","volume":"9","author":"S Homack","year":"2006","unstructured":"Homack S, Riccio CA (2006) Conners\u2019 Continuous Performance Test (2nd ed.; CCPT-II). J Atten Disord 9(3):556\u20138","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1842_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490918444","volume":"27","author":"S Homack","year":"2005","unstructured":"Homack S, Lee D, Riccio CA (2005) Test review: Delis\u2013Kaplan executive function system. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 27(5):599\u2013609","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00003-6","volume":"63","author":"AW Young","year":"1997","unstructured":"Young AW, Rowland D, Calder AJ, Etcoff NL, Seth A, Perrett DI (1997) Facial expression megamix: tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition. Cognition 63(3):271\u2013313","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"1842_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.19.6.625.20886","volume":"19","author":"BA Nosek","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2001) The Go\/No-Go association task. Soc Cogn 19(6):625\u201366","journal-title":"Soc Cogn"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061266","volume":"32","author":"J Tiffin","year":"1948","unstructured":"Tiffin J, Asher EJ (1948) The Purdue Pegboard: norms and studies of reliability and validity. J Appl Psychol 32(3):234\u201347","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1842_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050344","volume":"11","author":"W Van der Elst","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van der Elst W, van Boxtel MP, van Breukelen GJ, Jolles J (2005) Rey\u2019s verbal learning test: normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24\u201381 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11(3):290\u2013302","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049508402059","volume":"9","author":"JE Meyers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meyers JE, Meyers KR (1995) Rey Complex Figure Test under four different administration procedures. Clin Neuropsychol 9(1):63\u20137","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00806","volume":"42","author":"T Manly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manly T, Anderson V, Nimmo-Smith I, Turner A, Watson P, Robertson IH (2001) The differential assessment of children\u2019s attention: the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), normative sample and ADHD performance. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42(8):1065\u201381","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1842_CR189","first-page":"32","volume":"15","author":"V H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne V, Torny F, Druet-Cabanac A, Couratier P (2008) Use of the Visual Object and Space Perception (VOSP) test battery in two cases of posterior cortical atrophy. Neurocase 15:32\u20136","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"1842_CR190","unstructured":"Spencer TD, Kruse L (2013) Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration. In: Volkmar FR (ed) Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Springer, New York, pp\u00a0400\u2013404"},{"key":"1842_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentine T, Block C, Eversole K, Boxley L, Dawson E (2020) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, pp\u00a0457\u2013463","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118970843.ch146"},{"key":"1842_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath MC (2011) Wisconsin card sorting test. In: Goldstein S, Naglieri JA (eds) Encyclopedia of child behavior and development. Springer US, Boston, pp\u00a01571\u20131572","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79061-9_3090"},{"key":"1842_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warschausky S (2011) Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence. In: Kreutzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds) Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology. Springer, New York, pp\u00a02690\u20132693","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1606"},{"issue":"1","key":"1842_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000038","volume":"29","author":"MW Watkins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watkins MW, Beaujean AA (2014) Bifactor structure of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition. Sch Psychol Q 29(1):52\u201363","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Q"},{"key":"1842_CR195","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1949) Wechsler intelligence scale for children; manual. The Psychological Corp., Oxford"},{"issue":"2","key":"1842_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01109053","volume":"2","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1991","unstructured":"Elwood RW (1991) The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: psychometric characteristics and clinical application. Neuropsychol Rev 2(2):179\u2013201","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01842-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01842-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01842-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T11:51:54Z","timestamp":1675770714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01842-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01842-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original publication\nwas revised due to update in article note.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"CG received research grants from the\u202fVolkswagenStiftung \u202f(Freigeist\u202fFellowship) and the German Parkinson Society and was also supported by the Deutsche\u202fForschungsgemeinschaft\u202f(GA2031\/1-1 and GA2031\/1-2) and Actelion Pharmaceuticals. He also received financial support\/honoraria to speak at meetings by Actelion pharmaceuticals and as ad hoc advisory board for Lundbeck. DM has received personal compensation for consultancies for Sunovion and serves in Advisory Boards of Sunovion and Paladin Labs. He was also granted honoraria from Dystonia Medical Research Foundation Canada and royalties from Springer-Verlag. He was funded grants from Ipsen Corporate, Dystonia Medical Research Foundation Canada, Parkinson Canada, The Owerko Foundation, and the Michael P Smith Family. AH has received consultancy honoraria from Lundbeck and Noema\u00a0Pharma.\u00a0He has received research grants from the Association Fran\u00e7aise pour le Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette (AFSGT). RR has received financial research support from\u00a0EU (FP7-Health 2011N. 278367. The University of Catania\u00a0research plan\u00a02016\u20132018.\u00a0She has carried out clinical trials in cooperation with Otsuka, Angelini, TEVA companies. DC received grant from the EU (TS EUROTRAIN), grant nr. 316978),\u00a0several\u00a0grants from ZONMW and MAGW (the Netherlands), from TSA-USA (2008), from Sunovion (DS028 (2019). From\u00a0Espria\u00a0fonds, Drenthe, the Netherlands.\u00a0She has received\u00a0speakers\u2019\u00a0fees from ECNP,\u00a0Psyfar,\u00a0Benecke, Pfizer. KMV has received financial or material research support from the EU (FP7-HEALTH-2011 No. 278367, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN No. 316978), the German Research Foundation (DFG: GZ MU 1527\/3-1), the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: 01KG1421), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the Tourette Gesellschaft Deutschland\u202fe.V., the Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung, and Abide Therapeutics,\u202fAlmirall\u202fHermal\u00a0GmbH, GW pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck,\u202fSyneos\u202fHealth, and\u202fTherapix\u202fBiosciences Ltd.She has received consultant's honoraria from Abide Therapeutics,\u202fBionorica\u202fEthics GmbH,\u202fCannaMedical\u202fPharma GmbH, Canopy\u202fGrouth, Columbia Care, CTC Communications Corp.,\u202fEurox\u202fDeutschland GmbH, Global Praxis Group Limited, Lundbeck,\u202fResalo\u202fVertrieb\u00a0GmbH, Sanity Group,\u202fSynendos\u202fTherapeutics AG, and\u00a0Tilray. She is\/was a consultant or advisory board member for Abide Therapeutics, The Academy of Medical Cannabis Limited, Alirio,\u202fAphria\u202fDeutschland GmbH,\u202fCannaMedical\u202fPharma GmbH, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH,\u202fBionorica\u202fEthics GmbH,\u202fCannaXan\u202fGmbH, Canopy Growth, Columbia Care, CTC Communications Corp.,\u202fLeafly\u202fDeutschland GmbH, Lundbeck,\u202fNomovo\u202fPharm,\u202fNuvelution\u202fTS Pharma Inc.,\u202fResalo\u202fVertrieb\u00a0GmbH, Sanity Group,\u202fSyqe\u202fMedical Ltd.,\u202fTherapix\u202fBiosciences Ltd.,\u00a0Tilray, Wayland Group,\u202fZynerba\u202fPharmaceuticals, and CTC Communications Corporation.She has received speaker\u2019s fees from\u202fAphria\u202fDeutschland GmbH,\u202fCogitando\u202fGmbH,\u202fEmalex,\u202fEurox\u202fgroup, Ever pharma GmbH, PR\u202fBerater,\u00a0Tilray, and Wayland Group. She has received royalties from\u202fMedizinisch\u202fWissenschaftliche\u202fVerlagsgesellschaft\u00a0Berlin, Elsevier, and\u00a0Kohlhammer. She holds shares of\u202fNomovo\u202fPharm. She served as a Guest editor for Frontiers in Neurology on the research topic \u201cThe neurobiology and genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: new avenues through large-scale collaborative projects\u201d and is Associate editor for \u201cCannabis and Cannabinoid Research\u201d, Editorial Board Member for \u201cMedical Cannabis and Cannabinoids\u201d and \u201cMDPI-Reports\u201d, and scientific board member for \u201cZeitschrift\u202ff\u00fcr\u202fAllgemeinmedizin\u201d. AM has received commercial research support from: Pharm Allergan, Ipsen, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Actelion. He was granted honoraria for lectures: Pharm Allergan, Ipsen, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Actelion, GlaxoSmithKline, Desitin, Teva, Takeda; consultancies from: Desitin, Merz Pharmaceuticals,\u00a0Admedicum. He is also supported from the following Foundations: Possehl-Stiftung (L\u00fcbeck, Germany),\u00a0Margot und J\u00fcrgen Wessel Stiftung (L\u00fcbeck, Germany),\u00a0Tourette Syndrome Association (Germany),\u00a0Interessenverband\u00a0Tourette\u00a0Syndrom\u00a0(Germany), CHDI, Damp-Stiftung. He also was funded the following academic research support:\u00a0Deutsche\u00a0Forschungsgemeinschaft\u00a0(DFG): projects 1692\/3-1, 4-1, SFB 936, and FOR 2698 (project numbers 396914663, 396577296, 396474989),\u00a0Innovationsausschuss\u00a0of the\u00a0Gemeinsamer\u00a0Bundesausschuss: Translate NAMSE (structural support for the L\u00fcbeck Center for Rare Diseases); European Reference Network\u2014Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN\u2014RND);\u00a0Royalties for the book\u00a0<i>Neurogenetics<\/i>\u00a0(Oxford University Press). He serves in Advisory Boards of German Tourette syndrome Association and Alliance of patients with chronic rare diseases. All other authors have no conflicts to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}