{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:25:41Z","timestamp":1793276741586,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 2698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 2698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2011, the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) published the first European guidelines for Tourette Syndrome (TS). We now present an update of the part on pharmacological treatment, based on a review of new literature with special attention to other evidence-based guidelines, meta-analyses, and randomized double-blinded studies. Moreover, our revision took into consideration results of a recent survey on treatment preferences conducted among ESSTS experts. The first preference should be given to psychoeducation and to behavioral approaches, as it strengthens the patients\u2019 self-regulatory control and thus his\/her autonomy. Because behavioral approaches are not effective, available, or feasible in all patients, in a substantial number of patients pharmacological treatment is indicated, alone or in combination with behavioral therapy. The largest amount of evidence supports the use of dopamine blocking agents, preferably aripiprazole because of a more favorable profile of adverse events than first- and second-generation antipsychotics. Other agents that can be considered include tiapride, risperidone, and especially in case of co-existing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), clonidine and guanfacine. This view is supported by the results of our survey on medication preference among members of ESSTS, in which aripiprazole was indicated as the drug of first choice both in children and adults. In treatment resistant cases, treatment with agents with either a limited evidence base or risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects might be considered, including pimozide, haloperidol, topiramate, cannabis-based agents, and botulinum toxin injections. Overall, treatment of TS should be individualized, and decisions based on the patient\u2019s needs and preferences, presence of co-existing conditions, latest scientific findings as well as on the physician\u2019s preferences, experience, and local regulatory requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01899-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T02:02:52Z","timestamp":1636509772000},"page":"425-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders\u2014version 2.0. Part III: pharmacological treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Eichele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liselotte","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette Mol","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Cavanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Termine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Ganos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"M\u00fcnchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Szejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Cath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Verdellen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aribert","family":"Rothenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin J.","family":"Plessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1899_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0165-5","volume":"20","author":"V Roessner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roessner V, Rothenberger A, Rickards H, Hoekstra PJ (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:153\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-011-0165-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2495","volume":"30","author":"M Farag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farag M, Stern JS, Simmons H, Robertson MM (2015) Serial pharmacological prescribing practices for tic management in Tourette syndrome. Hum Psychopharmacol 30:435\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.2495","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007466","volume":"92","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Okun MS, M\u00fcller-Vahl K et al (2019) Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology 92:896\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007466","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1899_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007467","volume":"92","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS et al (2019) Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology 92:907\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007467","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1899_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20040","volume":"20","author":"C Hollis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hollis C, Pennant M, Cuenca J et al (2016) Clinical effectiveness and patient perspectives of different treatment strategies for tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and qualitative analysis. Health Technol Assess 20:1\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta20040","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"1899_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-124872","volume":"52","author":"C Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang C, Hao Z, Zhang L-L et al (2019) Comparative efficacy and safety of antipsychotic drugs for tic disorders: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry 52:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-124872","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28240","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25080","volume":"9","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Yang C, Zhang L-L et al (2018) Pharmacotherapies to tics: a systematic review. Oncotarget 9:28240\u201328266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.25080","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1899_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12556","volume":"57","author":"C Whittington","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T et al (2016) Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people\u2014a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57:988\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12556","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3233\/BEN-2012-120269","volume":"26","author":"K Waldon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waldon K, Hill J, Termine C et al (2013) Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol 26:265\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BEN-2012-120269","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700302","volume":"57","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Doja A, Gorman D et al (2012) Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry 57:133\u2013143","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR11","first-page":"1137","volume":"32","author":"Neurological Group, Branch of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neurological Group, Branch of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association (2017) Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of tic disorder in children 2017. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr 32:1137\u20131140","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"1899_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00774","author":"Z-S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Z-S, Cui Y-H, Sun D et al (2020) Current status, diagnosis, and treatment recommendation for tic disorders in China. Front Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00774","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918000834","volume":"23","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cavanna AE (2018) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as a paradigmatic neuropsychiatric disorder. CNS Spectr 23:213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852918000834","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"1899_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4964","volume":"347","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Seri S (2013) Tourette\u2019s syndrome. BMJ 347:f4964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f4964","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1899_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0653-2_28","volume":"724","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Termine C (2012) Tourette syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 724:375\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-0653-2_28","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1899_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64012-3.00008-3","volume":"165","author":"W Deeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deeb W, Malaty IA, Mathews CA (2019) Tourette disorder and other tic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 165:123\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-64012-3.00008-3","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14165","volume":"54","author":"D Efron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Efron D, Dale RC (2018) Tics and Tourette syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 54:1148\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpc.14165","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"1899_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000356","volume":"29","author":"C Ganos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ganos C (2016) Tics and Tourette\u2019s: update on pathophysiology and tic control. Curr Opin Neurol 29:513\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000356","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12428","volume":"4","author":"C Ganos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ganos C, Martino D, Pringsheim T (2017) Tics in the pediatric population: pragmatic management. Mov Disord Clin Pract 4:160\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12428","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"1899_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.09.008","volume":"33","author":"C Ganos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ganos C, Martino D (2015) Tics and Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 33:115\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.09.008","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"1899_CR21","first-page":"297","volume":"25","author":"G Gravino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gravino G (2013) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Ann Clin Psychiatry 25:297\u2013306","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.11","volume":"9","author":"DE Greydanus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greydanus DE, Tullio J (2020) Tourette\u2019s disorder in children and adolescents. Transl Pediatr 9:S94\u2013S103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp.2019.09.11","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"1899_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0633-x","volume":"16","author":"A Gunduz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gunduz A, Okun MS (2016) A review and update on Tourette syndrome: where is the field headed? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 16:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-016-0633-x","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2014.11.005","volume":"37","author":"M Hallett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hallett M (2015) Tourette syndrome: update. Brain Dev 37:651\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2014.11.005","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"1899_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26414","volume":"30","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2015) Therapeutic developments for tics and myoclonus. Mov Disord 30:1566\u20131573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26414","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1899_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-4-383","volume":"16","author":"A Macerollo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macerollo A, Martino D (2016) What is new in tics, dystonia and chorea? Clin Med (Lond) 16:383\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-4-383","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"1899_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.167","volume":"7","author":"KSP McNaught","year":"2011","unstructured":"McNaught KSP, Mink JW (2011) Advances in understanding and treatment of Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Neurol 7:667\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.167","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR28","first-page":"22","volume":"83","author":"S Mills","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mills S, Hedderly T (2014) A guide to childhood motor stereotypies, tic disorders and the Tourette spectrum for the primary care practitioner. Ulster Med J 83:22\u201330","journal-title":"Ulster Med J"},{"key":"1899_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2019-12-2","author":"SO Mittal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mittal SO (2020) Tics and Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Drugs Context. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.2019-12-2","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"1899_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00139","volume":"9","author":"M Novotny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Novotny M, Valis M, Klimova B (2018) Tourette syndrome: a mini-review. Front Neurol 9:139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00139","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1899_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0362-x","volume":"22","author":"KJ Plessen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Plessen KJ (2013) Tic disorders and Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(Suppl 1):S55\u2013S60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-012-0362-x","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00005-2","volume":"112","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pringsheim T (2013) Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders of childhood. Handb Clin Neurol 112:853\u2013856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00005-2","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00133-3","volume":"2","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robertson MM (2015) A personal 35 year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: assessment, investigations, and management. Lancet Psychiatry 2:88\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00133-3","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16097","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97","volume":"3","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Eapen V, Singer HS et al (2017) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3:16097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1899_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300585","volume":"97","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robertson MM (2012) The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 97:166\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300585","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed"},{"key":"1899_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2014.05.001","volume":"37","author":"ZA Shaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaw ZA, Coffey BJ (2014) Tics and Tourette syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am 37:269\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2014.05.001","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"1899_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000752","volume":"25","author":"HS Singer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singer HS (2019) Tics and Tourette syndrome. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 25:936\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CON.0000000000000752","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"1899_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001755","volume":"18","author":"JS Stern","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stern JS (2018) Tourette\u2019s syndrome and its borderland. Pract Neurol 18:262\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001755","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.7916\/D8H14JTX","volume":"8","author":"F Augustine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Augustine F, Singer HS (2018) Merging the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of tics. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY) 8:595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7916\/D8H14JTX","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY)"},{"key":"1899_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00914-6","volume":"17","author":"A Billnitzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Billnitzer A, Jankovic J (2020) Current management of tics and tourette syndrome: behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical treatments. Neurotherapeutics 17:1681\u20131693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-020-00914-6","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1899_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1018-z","volume":"21","author":"MA Chadehumbe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chadehumbe MA, Brown LW (2019) Advances in the treatment of Tourette\u2019s disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1018-z","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1721465","volume":"21","author":"N Cothros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cothros N, Medina A, Pringsheim T (2020) Current pharmacotherapy for tic disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 21:567\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2020.1721465","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"1899_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2014.50.2.2097801","volume":"50","author":"A Egolf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Egolf A, Coffey BJ (2014) Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Drugs Today (Barc) 50:159\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1358\/dot.2014.50.2.2097801","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"1899_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1643236","volume":"19","author":"JK-Y Essoe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Essoe JK-Y, Grados MA, Singer HS et al (2019) Evidence-based treatment of Tourette\u2019s disorder and chronic tic disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 19:1103\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737175.2019.1643236","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"1899_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.07.004","volume":"172","author":"A Hartmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartmann A, Martino D, Murphy T (2016) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome\u2014a treatable condition? Rev Neurol (Paris) 172:446\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.07.004","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1899_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.014","volume":"37","author":"A Hartmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hartmann A, Worbe Y (2013) Pharmacological treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1157\u20131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1899_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000575","volume":"31","author":"A Hartmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartmann A, Worbe Y (2018) Tourette syndrome: clinical spectrum, mechanisms and personalized treatments. Curr Opin Neurol 31:504\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000575","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02105-w","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2020) Treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-019-02105-w","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"1899_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2020.01.006","volume":"38","author":"J Jimenez-Shahed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jimenez-Shahed J (2020) Medical and surgical treatments of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 38:349\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2020.01.006","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"1899_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0458-4","volume":"14","author":"IA Malaty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Malaty IA, Akbar U (2014) Updates in medical and surgical therapies for Tourette syndrome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 14:458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-014-0458-4","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00010-X","volume":"112","author":"S Mogwitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mogwitz S, Buse J, Ehrlich S, Roessner V (2013) Clinical pharmacology of dopamine-modulating agents in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol 112:281\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00010-X","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1899_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00460","volume":"9","author":"S Mogwitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mogwitz S, Buse J, Wolff N, Roessner V (2018) Update on the pharmacological treatment of tics with dopamine-modulating agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 9:651\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00460","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"1899_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000218","volume":"24","author":"S Pandey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pandey S, Dash D (2019) Progress in pharmacological and surgical management of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Neurologist 24:93\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000218","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"1899_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0486-0","volume":"32","author":"J Quezada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quezada J, Coffman KA (2018) Current approaches and new developments in the pharmacological management of Tourette syndrome. CNS Drugs 32:33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-017-0486-0","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1899_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1698950","volume":"20","author":"R Rizzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rizzo R, Gulisano M (2020) Treatment options for tic disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 20:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737175.2020.1698950","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"1899_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.043","volume":"68","author":"V Roessner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roessner V, Schoenefeld K, Buse J et al (2013) Pharmacological treatment of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome. Neuropharmacology 68:143\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.043","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1899_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.004","volume":"46","author":"J Roth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roth J (2018) The colorful spectrum of Tourette syndrome and its medical, surgical and behavioral therapies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 46(Suppl 1):S75\u2013S79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.004","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"1899_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-25.5.401","volume":"25","author":"MF Seideman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seideman MF, Seideman TA (2020) A review of the current treatment of Tourette syndrome. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 25:401\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5863\/1551-6776-25.5.401","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1899_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.03.007","volume":"62","author":"FJ Serajee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Serajee FJ, Mahbubul Huq AHM (2015) Advances in Tourette syndrome: diagnoses and treatment. Pediatr Clin North Am 62:687\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.03.007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"1899_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000119","volume":"27","author":"DR Shprecher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shprecher DR, Schrock L, Himle M (2014) Neurobehavioral aspects, pathophysiology, and management of Tourette syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol 27:484\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000119","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR61","first-page":"295","volume":"20","author":"DR Shprecher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shprecher DR, Kious BM, Himle MH (2015) Advances in mechanistic understanding and treatment approaches to Tourette syndrome. Discov Med 20:295\u2013301","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"1899_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570492","volume":"47","author":"F Tagwerker Gloor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tagwerker Gloor F, Walitza S (2016) Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome: current concepts of etiology and treatment in children and adolescents. Neuropediatrics 47:84\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1570492","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"1899_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J (2016) Recent advances in understanding and managing Tourette syndrome. F1000Res 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.7424.1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7424.1"},{"key":"1899_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-0979-z","volume":"120","author":"R Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas R, Cavanna AE (2013) The pharmacology of Tourette syndrome. J Neural Transm 120:689\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-013-0979-z","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"1899_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S87121","volume":"7","author":"JH Cox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cox JH, Seri S, Cavanna AE (2016) Safety and efficacy of aripiprazole for the treatment of pediatric Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Pediatr Health Med Ther 7:57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PHMT.S87121","journal-title":"Pediatr Health Med Ther"},{"key":"1899_CR66","first-page":"200","volume":"17","author":"A Ghanizadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghanizadeh A (2012) Systemic review of aripiprazole for the treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 17:200\u2013204","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"1899_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2017.10.015","volume":"52","author":"P Janik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janik P, Szejko N (2018) Aripiprazole in treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome\u2014new therapeutic option. Neurol Neurochir Pol 52:84\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pjnns.2017.10.015","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"1899_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0125","volume":"26","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu Y, Ni H, Wang C et al (2016) Effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette\u2019s disorder: a meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 26:436\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2015.0125","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.013","volume":"254","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S, Wei Y-Z, Yang J-H et al (2017) The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for tic disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 254:24\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1899_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015816","volume":"98","author":"C Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang C, Yi Q, Zhang L et al (2019) Safety of aripiprazole for tics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e15816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000015816","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1899_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0504-z","volume":"15","author":"C-S Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang C-S, Huang H, Zhang L-L et al (2015) Aripiprazole for the treatment of tic disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 15:179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0504-z","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2498","volume":"31","author":"W Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng W, Li X-B, Xiang Y-Q et al (2016) Aripiprazole for Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 31:11\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.2498","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0254-0","volume":"74","author":"CL Budman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Budman CL (2014) The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome: an overview. Drugs 74:1177\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-014-0254-0","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1899_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010042","author":"C Anandan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anandan C, Jankovic J (2021) Botulinum toxin in movement disorders: an update. Toxins (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13010042","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"1899_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2004.14.531","volume":"14","author":"S Anandan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anandan S, Wigg CL, Thomas CR, Coffey B (2004) Psychosurgery for self-injurious behavior in Tourette\u2019s disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14:531\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2004.14.531","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.04.024","volume":"25","author":"KH Awan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awan KH (2017) The therapeutic usage of botulinum toxin (Botox) in non-cosmetic head and neck conditions\u2014an evidence based review. Saudi Pharm J 25:18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.04.024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"key":"1899_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212586","author":"CHF Camargo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camargo CHF, Teive HAG (2019) Use of botulinum toxin for movement disorders. Drugs Context. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.212586","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"1899_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.12.004","volume":"67","author":"M Hallett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hallett M, Albanese A, Dressler D et al (2013) Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders. Toxicon 67:94\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.12.004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"1899_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.09.003","volume":"147","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2018) An update on new and unique uses of botulinum toxin in movement disorders. Toxicon 147:84\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.09.003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"1899_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571217","volume":"36","author":"M Lotia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lotia M, Jankovic J (2016) Botulinum toxin for the treatment of tremor and tics. Semin Neurol 36:54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1571217","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14472","volume":"62","author":"A Moretti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moretti A (2020) Is botulinum toxin effective and safe for motor and phonic tics in patients affected by Tourette syndrome? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary. Dev Med Child Neurol 62:274\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.14472","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/2042533312472115","volume":"4","author":"R Persaud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Persaud R, Garas G, Silva S et al (2013) An evidence-based review of botulinum toxin (Botox) applications in non-cosmetic head and neck conditions. JRSM Short Rep 4:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042533312472115","journal-title":"JRSM Short Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-018-0488-3","volume":"20","author":"Y Safarpour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Safarpour Y, Jabbari B (2018) Botulinum toxin treatment of movement disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol 20:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-018-0488-3","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.226441","volume":"66","author":"P Tater","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tater P, Pandey S (2018) Botulinum toxin in movement disorders. Neurol India 66:S79\u2013S89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.226441","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1899_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0286-3","volume":"12","author":"MA Thenganatt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thenganatt MA, Fahn S (2012) Botulinum toxin for the treatment of movement disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 12:399\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-012-0286-3","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00627-1","volume":"33","author":"BB Artukoglu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Artukoglu BB, Bloch MH (2019) The potential of cannabinoid-based treatments in Tourette syndrome. CNS Drugs 33:417\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-019-00627-1","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1899_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0376-4","volume":"12","author":"BS Koppel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koppel BS (2015) Cannabis in the treatment of dystonia, dyskinesias, and tics. Neurotherapeutics 12:788\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0376-4","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1899_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3233\/BEN-120276","volume":"27","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl KR (2013) Treatment of Tourette syndrome with cannabinoids. Behav Neurol 27:119\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BEN-120276","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.03.003","volume":"21","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S, Wei Y-Z, Yang J et al (2017) Clonidine adhesive patch for the treatment of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 21:614\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.03.003","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008","volume":"37","author":"H Weisman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF et al (2013) Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders\u2014efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1162\u20131171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1899_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-018-0137-2","volume":"5","author":"A Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar A, Duda L, Mainali G et al (2018) A comprehensive review of Tourette syndrome and complementary alternative medicine. Curr Dev Disord Rep 5:95\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40474-018-0137-2","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2017.53.2.2589164","volume":"53","author":"DM Paton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paton DM (2017) Deutetrabenazine: treatment of hyperkinetic aspects of Huntington\u2019s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome. Drugs Today (Barc) 53:89\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1358\/dot.2017.53.2.2589164","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"1899_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00011-1","volume":"112","author":"A Hartmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hartmann A (2013) Clinical pharmacology of nondopaminergic drugs in Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol 112:351\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00011-1","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1899_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.101853","volume":"47","author":"H Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi H, Liu R, Zheng W et al (2020) Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian J Psychiatr 47:101853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.101853","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"1899_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.002","volume":"49","author":"C-S Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang C-S, Zhang L-L, Zeng L-N et al (2013) Topiramate for Tourette\u2019s syndrome in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol 49:344\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.002","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0161","author":"L Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu L, Yan J, Wen F et al (2020) Revisiting the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate for tic disorders: a meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2019.0161","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2417-0","volume":"174","author":"N El Malhany","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Malhany N, Gulisano M, Rizzo R, Curatolo P (2015) Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: causes and consequences. Eur J Pediatr 174:279\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-014-2417-0","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1899_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v7.i1.36","volume":"7","author":"MO Ogundele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogundele MO, Ayyash HF (2018) Review of the evidence for the management of co-morbid tic disorders in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World J Clin Pediatr 7:36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5409\/wjcp.v7.i1.36","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"1899_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T (2018) Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD007990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007990.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007990.pub3"},{"key":"1899_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Steeves T (2011) Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD007990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007990.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007990.pub2"},{"key":"1899_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.01.005","volume":"17","author":"R Rizzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Cal\u00ec PV, Curatolo P (2013) Tourette Syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:421\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.01.005","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00014-7","volume":"112","author":"R Rizzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rizzo R, Gulisano M (2013) Clinical pharmacology of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol 112:415\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00014-7","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1899_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000371","volume":"38","author":"R Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang R, Li R, Gao W, Zhao Z (2017) Tic symptoms induced by atomoxetine in treatment of ADHD: a case report and literature review. J Dev Behav Pediatr 38:151\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000371","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"1899_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00013-5","volume":"112","author":"V Neri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neri V, Cardona F (2013) Clinical pharmacology of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol 112:391\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00013-5","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1899_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180828095131","volume":"17","author":"A Rothenberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rothenberger A, Roessner V (2019) Psychopharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive symptoms within the framework of Tourette syndrome. Curr Neuropharmacol 17:703\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X16666180828095131","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.02.005","volume":"59","author":"D Martino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martino D, Hedderly T (2019) Tics and stereotypies: a comparative clinical review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 59:117\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.02.005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"1899_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2010.10.008","volume":"17","author":"T Rajapakse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T (2010) Pharmacotherapeutics of Tourette syndrome and stereotypies in autism. Semin Pediatr Neurol 17:254\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2010.10.008","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00016-0","volume":"112","author":"M Madruga-Garrido","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madruga-Garrido M, Mir P (2013) Tics and other stereotyped movements as side effects of pharmacological treatment. Int Rev Neurobiol 112:481\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00016-0","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1899_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317705012","volume":"7","author":"JJG Rath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rath JJG, Deen MEJ, van Houten H et al (2017) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in Tourette syndrome. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 7:201\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2045125317705012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.02.003","volume":"70","author":"BM Kious","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kious BM, Jimenez-Shahed J, Shprecher DR (2016) Treatment-refractory Tourette Syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 70:227\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.02.003","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0163-7","volume":"20","author":"V Roessner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A et al (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:173\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-011-0163-7","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.004","volume":"37","author":"J Buse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buse J, Schoenefeld K, M\u00fcnchau A, Roessner V (2013) Neuromodulation in Tourette syndrome: dopamine and beyond. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1069\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1899_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02641-0","volume":"75","author":"D Putignano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Putignano D, Clavenna A, Reale L, Bonati M (2019) The evidence-based choice for antipsychotics in children and adolescents should be guaranteed. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 75:769\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-019-02641-0","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.5.621","volume":"145","author":"RD Bruun","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bruun RD (1988) Subtle and underrecognized side effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with Tourette\u2019s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 145:621\u2013624","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-010-0095-4","volume":"12","author":"HS Singer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singer HS (2010) Treatment of tics and tourette syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol 12:539\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-010-0095-4","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1028-5","volume":"26","author":"V Roessner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roessner V, Wolff N, Ehrlich S, Waltereit R (2017) Need for a more developmental perspective: QTc prolongation under psychotropic medication. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:871\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1028-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464200-00003","volume":"64","author":"PM Haddad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haddad PM, Wieck A (2004) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs 64:2291\u20132314","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1899_CR118","first-page":"575","volume":"16","author":"J Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho J, Panagiotopoulos C, McCrindle B et al (2011) Management recommendations for metabolic complications associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth. Paediatr Child Health 16:575\u2013580","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"1899_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.02.012","volume":"43","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Pearce M (2010) Complications of antipsychotic therapy in children with Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 43:17\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.02.012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20765","volume":"19","author":"M Solmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solmi M, Fornaro M, Ostinelli EG et al (2020) Safety of 80 antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-attention-deficit\/hyperactivity medications and mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a large scale systematic meta-review of 78 adverse effects. World Psychiatry 19:214\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20765","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610390261","volume":"4","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE (2011) Treatment strategies for tics in Tourette syndrome. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 4:25\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756285610390261","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"1899_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Marras C (2009) Pimozide for tics in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006996.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006996.pub2"},{"key":"1899_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.015","volume":"47","author":"R Rizzo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rizzo R, Eddy CM, Cal\u00ed P et al (2012) Metabolic effects of aripiprazole and pimozide in children with Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 47:419\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.015","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.12.013","volume":"63","author":"C Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang C, Hao Z, Zhu C et al (2016) Interventions for tic disorders: an overview of systematic reviews and meta analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 63:239\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.12.013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1899_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0678-1","volume":"32","author":"M Gulisano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gulisano M, Cal\u00ec PV, Cavanna AE et al (2011) Cardiovascular safety of aripiprazole and pimozide in young patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurol Sci 32:1213\u20131217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-011-0678-1","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1899_CR126","first-page":"685","volume":"244","author":"PA Janssen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, Awouters F et al (1988) Pharmacology of risperidone (R 64 766), a new antipsychotic with serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 antagonistic properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244:685\u2013693","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1899_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-013-0427-1","volume":"45","author":"A Ghanizadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghanizadeh A, Haghighi A (2014) Aripiprazole versus risperidone for treating children and adolescents with tic disorder: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 45:596\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-013-0427-1","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1899_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000760","volume":"37","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Ho J, Sarna JR et al (2017) Feasibility and relevance of antipsychotic safety monitoring in children with Tourette syndrome: a prospective longitudinal study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 37:498\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000760","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.051","volume":"161","author":"CA Calarge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calarge CA, Xie D, Fiedorowicz JG et al (2012) Rate of weight gain and cardiometabolic abnormalities in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 161:1010\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.051","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1899_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1713091","volume":"19","author":"BB Barton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barton BB, Segger F, Fischer K et al (2020) Update on weight-gain caused by antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 19:295\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14740338.2020.1713091","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"1899_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.033175","volume":"302","author":"KD Burris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burris KD, Molski TF, Xu C et al (2002) Aripiprazole, a novel antipsychotic, is a high-affinity partial agonist at human dopamine D2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:381\u2013389","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1899_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00099-2","volume":"20","author":"CP Lawler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lawler CP, Prioleau C, Lewis MM et al (1999) Interactions of the novel antipsychotic aripiprazole (OPC-14597) with dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:612\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00099-2","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1899_CR133","first-page":"329","volume":"274","author":"T Kikuchi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kikuchi T, Tottori K, Uwahodo Y et al (1995) 7-(4-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (OPC-14597), a new putative antipsychotic drug with both presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor agonistic activity and postsynaptic D2 receptor antagonistic activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:329\u2013336","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1899_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01532-7","volume":"441","author":"S Jordan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jordan S, Koprivica V, Chen R et al (2002) The antipsychotic aripiprazole is a potent, partial agonist at the human 5-HT1A receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 441:137\u2013140","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31825ac2cb","volume":"32","author":"C Wenzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wenzel C, Kleimann A, Bokemeyer S, M\u00fcller-Vahl KR (2012) Aripiprazole for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a case series of 100 patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32:548\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31825ac2cb","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0026","author":"F Sallee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sallee F, Kohegyi E, Zhao J et al (2017) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrates the efficacy and safety of oral aripiprazole for the treatment of Tourette\u2019s disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2016.0026","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e772","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m08189","volume":"74","author":"HK Yoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoo HK, Joung YS, Lee J-S et al (2013) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette\u2019s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 74:e772-780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.12m08189","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12432","volume":"57","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zhang Z-J, Han X-M et al (2016) A proprietary herbal medicine (5-Ling Granule) for Tourette syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57:74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12432","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0104","volume":"26","author":"L-J Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang L-J, Chou W-J, Chou M-C, Gau SS-F (2016) The Effectiveness of aripiprazole for tics, social adjustment, and parental stress in children and adolescents with Tourette\u2019s disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 26:442\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2015.0104","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06547-8","volume":"7","author":"A Salvador","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salvador A, Worbe Y, Delorme C et al (2017) Specific effect of a dopamine partial agonist on counterfactual learning: evidence from Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Sci Rep 7:6292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-06547-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1899_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60733-3","volume":"382","author":"S Leucht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L et al (2013) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 382:951\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60733-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1899_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0367-y","volume":"30","author":"C Bernagie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernagie C, Danckaerts M, Wampers M, De Hert M (2016) Aripiprazole and acute extrapyramidal symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 30:807\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-016-0367-y","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1899_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30416-X","volume":"7","author":"T Pillinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pillinger T, McCutcheon RA, Vano L et al (2020) Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 7:64\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30416-X","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0563-6","volume":"24","author":"CJ Bachmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bachmann CJ, Roessner V, Glaeske G, Hoffmann F (2015) Trends in psychopharmacologic treatment of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-014-0563-6","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-7964","volume":"33","author":"M Dose","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dose M, Lange HW (2000) The benzamide tiapride: treatment of extrapyramidal motor and other clinical syndromes. Pharmacopsychiatry 33:19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2000-7964","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00449911","volume":"237","author":"C Eggers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eggers C, Rothenberger A, Berghaus U (1988) Clinical and neurobiological findings in children suffering from tic disease following treatment with tiapride. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 237:223\u2013229","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1899_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03000-0","volume":"77","author":"S Fekete","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fekete S, Egberts K, Preissler T et al (2021) Estimation of a preliminary therapeutic reference range for children and adolescents with tic disorders treated with tiapride. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 77:163\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-020-03000-0","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soares KV, McGrath JJ (1999) The treatment of tardive dyskinesia\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 39:1\u201316; discussion 17\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0920-9964(99)00021-3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0920-9964(99)00021-3"},{"key":"1899_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00032","volume":"8","author":"P-P Song","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song P-P, Jiang L, Li X-J et al (2017) The efficacy and tolerability of the clonidine transdermal patch in the treatment for children with tic disorders: a prospective, open, single-group. Self-controlled study. Front Neurol 8:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00032","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.11.009","volume":"53","author":"T Hirota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirota T, Schwartz S, Correll CU (2014) Alpha-2 agonists for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy and add-on trials to stimulant therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53:153\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.11.009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reid JL, Campbell BC, Hamilton CA (1984) Withdrawal reactions following cessation of central alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists. Hypertension 6:II71\u2013II75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.hyp.6.5_pt_2.ii71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.6.5_pt_2.ii71"},{"key":"1899_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815d9ae4","volume":"47","author":"WB Daviss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daviss WB, Patel NC, Robb AS et al (2008) Clonidine for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47:189\u2013198","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0024","volume":"27","author":"TK Murphy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murphy TK, Fernandez TV, Coffey BJ et al (2017) Extended-release guanfacine does not show a large effect on tic severity in children with chronic tic disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 27:762\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2017.0024","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1899_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318191769e","volume":"48","author":"F Sallee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sallee F, McGough J, Wigal T et al (2008) Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(2):155\u2013165","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0050","volume":"26","author":"D Elbe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elbe D, Perel-Panar C, Wicholas L (2016) Manic reaction in a child induced by guanfacine-extended release. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 26:566\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2016.0050","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00183-9","volume":"54","author":"JP Horrigan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Horrigan JP, Barnhill LJ (1999) Guanfacine and secondary mania in children. J Affect Disord 54:309\u2013314","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1899_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198812000-00021","volume":"8","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Awerbuch G (1988) Marijuana and Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 8:444\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004714-198812000-00021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0050","volume":"4","author":"LM Milosev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milosev LM, Psathakis N, Szejko N et al (2019) Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome with cannabis-based medicine: results from a retrospective analysis and online survey. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 4:265\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2018.0050","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"1899_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30401-8","volume":"6","author":"N Black","year":"2019","unstructured":"Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G et al (2019) Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 6:995\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30401-8","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v64n0417","volume":"64","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H et al (2003) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry 64:459\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.v64n0417","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25028","volume":"35","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2002","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A et al (2002) Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 35:57\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2002-25028","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.5.605","volume":"56","author":"C Marras","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marras C, Andrews D, Sime E, Lang AE (2001) Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Neurology 56:605\u2013610","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1899_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.968","volume":"158","author":"FS Abuzzahab","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abuzzahab FS, Brown VL (2001) Control of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with topiramate. Am J Psychiatry 158:968","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.185348","volume":"81","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Jimenez-Shahed J, Brown LW (2010) A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in the treatment of Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 81:70\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.185348","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"1899_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022669","volume":"99","author":"J Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi J, Yoon D, Park M et al (2020) Topiramate-related adverse events: pattern and signals in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System, 2010\u20132017. Medicine (Baltimore) 99:e22669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000022669","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1899_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207522","volume":"13","author":"O M\u00fcller","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fcller O, Rothenberger A, Br\u00fcni GL et al (2018) Questioning the long-term stability of the additive model in comorbid CTD+ADHD\u2014the transition from childhood to adulthood. PLoS ONE 13:e0207522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207522","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1899_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-006-9086-z","volume":"35","author":"V Roessner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roessner V, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2007) Psychopathological profile in children with chronic tic disorder and co-existing ADHD: additive effects. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-006-9086-z","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1899_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199796267.003.0025","volume-title":"Treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in Tourette syndromes","author":"F Cardona","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cardona F, Rizzo R (2013) Treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in Tourette syndromes. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1899_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.010","volume":"56","author":"C Groth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Groth C, Mol Debes N, Rask CU et al (2017) Course of Tourette syndrome and comorbidities in a large prospective clinical study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56:304\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR170","first-page":"155","volume":"65","author":"C Groth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Groth C (2018) Tourette syndrome in a longitudinal perspective. Clinical course of tics and comorbidities, coexisting psychopathologies, phenotypes and predictors. Dan Med J 65:155\u2013165","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"1899_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.337","volume":"56","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castellanos FX (1999) Stimulants and tic disorders: from dogma to data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:337\u2013338","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001290","volume":"48","author":"V Roessner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roessner V, Robatzek M, Knapp G et al (2006) First-onset tics in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: impact of stimulants. Dev Med Child Neurol 48:616\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0012162206001290","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1899_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.527","volume":"58","author":"Tourette\u2019s Syndrome Study Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tourette\u2019s Syndrome Study Group (2002) Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 58:527\u2013536","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1899_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/1044546041649138","volume":"14","author":"D Palumbo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Palumbo D, Spencer T, Lynch J et al (2004) Emergence of tics in children with ADHD: impact of once-daily OROS methylphenidate therapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14:185\u2013194","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2011.0081","volume":"22","author":"G Masi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Masi G, Gagliano A, Siracusano R et al (2012) Aripiprazole in children with Tourette\u2019s disorder and co-morbid attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a 12-week, open-label, preliminary study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 22:120\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2011.0081","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","volume":"72","author":"ME Hirschtritt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL et al (2015) Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiat 72:325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1899_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.09.014","volume":"53","author":"CA Conelea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conelea CA, Walther MR, Freeman JB et al (2014) Tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): phenomenology and treatment outcome in the pediatric OCD treatment study II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53:1308\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.09.014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.035","volume":"61","author":"JS March","year":"2007","unstructured":"March JS, Franklin ME, Leonard H et al (2007) Tics moderate treatment outcome with sertraline but not cognitive-behavior therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61:344\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.035","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001823","volume":"11","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B et al (2006) A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 11:622\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.mp.4001823","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.04.003","volume":"47","author":"G Masi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Masi G, Pfanner C, Brovedani P (2013) Antipsychotic augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in resistant tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a naturalistic comparative study. J Psychiatr Res 47:1007\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.04.003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1899_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0317-5","volume":"14","author":"D Veale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veale D, Miles S, Smallcombe N et al (2014) Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 14:317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0317-5","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.023","volume":"82","author":"L Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L, Rydell M, Runeson B et al (2017) Suicide in Tourette\u2019s and chronic tic disorders. Biol Psychiatry 82:111\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1626825","volume":"20","author":"LA Bartram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartram LA, Lozano J, Coury DL (2019) Aripiprazole for treating irritability associated with autism spectrum disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 20:1421\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2019.1626825","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"1899_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0160","volume":"27","author":"RL Findling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Findling RL, Youngstrom EA, Rowles BM et al (2017) A double-blind and placebo-controlled trial of aripiprazole in symptomatic youths at genetic high risk for bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 27:864\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2016.0160","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hirsch LE, Pringsheim T (2016) Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD009043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009043.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009043.pub3"},{"key":"1899_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200012000-00025","volume":"20","author":"P Sandor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandor P, Stephens RJ (2000) Risperidone treatment of aggressive behavior in children with Tourette syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:710\u2013712","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1899_CR187","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Kinder- und jugendpsychiatrie und psychotherapie","author":"N Wolff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolff N, Hebebrand J, Roessner V (2020) 19 Tics und motorische stereotypien. In: Remschmidt H (ed) Kinder- und jugendpsychiatrie und psychotherapie, 7th edn. Thieme Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 186\u2013193","edition":"7"},{"key":"1899_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0167-3","volume":"20","author":"C Verdellen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A et al (2011) European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:197\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-011-0167-3","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0654-2","volume":"191","author":"T Hamamura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hamamura T, Harada T (2007) Unique pharmacological profile of aripiprazole as the phasic component buster. Psychopharmacology 191:741\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0654-2","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1899_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.514","volume":"157","author":"S Kapur","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C et al (2000) Relationship between dopamine D(2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157:514\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.514","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00304-4","volume":"27","author":"F Yokoi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yokoi F, Gr\u00fcnder G, Biziere K et al (2002) Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor occupancy in normal humans treated with the antipsychotic drug aripiprazole (OPC 14597): a study using positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:248\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00304-4","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1899_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00100","volume":"9","author":"R Rizzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rizzo R, Pellico A, Silvestri PR et al (2018) A randomized controlled trial comparing behavioral, educational, and pharmacological treatments in youths with chronic tic disorder or Tourette syndrome. Front Psychiatry 9:100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00100","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1899_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.05.004","volume":"366","author":"A Macerollo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macerollo A, Martino D, Cavanna AE et al (2016) Refractoriness to pharmacological treatment for tics: a multicentre European audit. J Neurol Sci 366:136\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2016.05.004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1899_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.874","volume":"57","author":"J Posner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Posner J (2018) The role of precision medicine in child psychiatry: what can we expect and when? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 57:813\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.874","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1899_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01836-0","volume":"30","author":"V Roessner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roessner V, Rothe J, Kohls G, Schomerus G, Ehrlich S, Beste C (2021) Taming the chaos?! Using eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to tackle the complexity in mental health research Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30(8):1143\u20131146.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01836-0","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01899-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01899-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01899-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T03:22:12Z","timestamp":1647919332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01899-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"references-count":195,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01899-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original publication was revised due to update in article note.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"VR has received payment for consulting and writing activities from Lilly, Novartis, and Shire Pharmaceuticals, lecture honoraria from Lilly, Novartis, Shire Pharmaceuticals, and Medice Pharma, and support for research from Shire Pharmaceuticals and Novartis. He has carried out clinical trials in cooperation with the Novartis, Shire, Servier and Otsuka companies. KMV has received financial or material research support from the EU (FP7-HEALTH-2011 No. 278367, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN No. 316978), the German Research Foundation (DFG: GZ MU 1527\/3-1), the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: 01KG1421), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the Tourette Gesellschaft Deutschland e.V., the Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung, and Abide Therapeutics, Almirall Hermal GmbH, GW pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, Syneos Health, and Therapix Biosciences Ltd. She has received consultant's honoraria from Abide Therapeutics, Allmiral, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bionorica Ethics GmbH, CannaMedical Pharma GmbH, Canopy Grouth, Columbia Care, CTC Communications Corp., Eurox Deutschland GmbH, Global Praxis Group Limited, IMC Germany, Lundbeck, Resalo Vertrieb GmbH, Sanity Group, STADAPHARM GmbH, Synendos Therapeutics AG, and Tilray. She is\/was a consultant or advisory board member for Abide Therapeutics, The Academy of Medical Cannabis Limited, Alirio, Aphria Deutschland GmbH, CannaMedical Pharma GmbH, Bionorica Ethics GmbH, CannaXan GmbH, Canopy Growth, Columbia Care, CTC Communications Corp., IMC Germany, Leafly Deutschland GmbH, Lundbeck, Nuvelution TS Pharma Inc., Resalo Vertrieb GmbH, Sanity Group, Syqe Medical Ltd., Therapix Biosciences Ltd., Tilray, and Wayland Group. She has received speaker\u2019s fees from Aphria Deutschland GmbH, Cogitando GmbH, Emalex, Eurox Deutschland GmbH, Ever pharma GmbH, PR Berater, Spectrum Therapeutics GmbH, Tilray, and Wayland Group. She has received royalties from Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Berlin, Elsevier, and Kohlhammer. She served as a Guest editor for Frontiers in Neurology on the research topic \u201cThe neurobiology and genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: new avenues through large-scale collaborative projects\u201d, and is Associate editor for \u201cCannabis and Cannabinoid Research\u201d, Editorial Board Member for \u201cMedical Cannabis and Cannabinoids\u201d and \u201cMDPI-Reports\u201d, and scientific board member for \u201cZeitschrift f\u00fcr Allgemeinmedizin\u201d. CG is supported by VolkswagenStiftung (Freigeist Fellowship) and served ad hoc as advisory board for Lundbeck. AC is author of the book \u201cPharmacological Treatment of Tics\u201d. Cambridge University Press, 2020. PJH has received a payment as member of an advisory board meeting of Shire Pharmaceuticals and has carried out a clinical trial in cooperation with Servier. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}