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However, cross-sectional studies did not identify an association between ADHD and testosterone levels. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies can overcome limitations inherent to association studies, especially of reverse causation and residual confounding. In the current study, sex-combined and sex-specific two-sample MR analyses were conducted to address whether testosterone has a causal influence on ADHD risk. Sex-combined as well as sex-specific target-genetic variants for bioavailable testosterone were derived from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) on up to 382,988 adult white European UK Biobank study participants. In our sex-specific analyses for ADHD, including data from 14,154 males and 4,945 females with ADHD (17,948 and 16,246 controls respectively), no association between bioavailable testosterone and ADHD risk was found, neither in males (inverse-variance weighted (IVW): beta\u2009=\u20090.09, 95%-CI [-0.10, 0.27]) nor in females (IVW: beta=-0.01, 95%-CI [-0.20, 0.19]). However, in the sex-combined analysis, including 38,691 cases and 186,843 controls, genetically predicted bioavailable testosterone was associated with ADHD risk (IVW: beta\u2009=\u20090.24, 95%-CI [0.09, 0.39]). The inclusion of birth weight and\/or SHBG as additional variables in multivariable MR analyses did not alter this result. However, when correcting for potential BMI-driven pleiotropy by a multivariable MR study, all effect estimates for testosterone showed non-significant results. Taken together, no robust evidence for a causal effect of bioavailable testosterone on the risk for ADHD was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02421-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T05:01:51Z","timestamp":1711515711000},"page":"3613-3623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["No evidence for a causal contribution of bioavailable testosterone to ADHD in sex-combined and sex-specific two-sample Mendelian randomization studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Dinkelbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triinu","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Grasemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hebebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Hinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Hirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","volume":"5","author":"K Sayal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D (2018) ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. 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He is also named as an inventor in a patent application filed by the UDE for use of metreleptin in Anorexia nervosa. JH received a speaker\u2019s honorarium from Amryt Pharmaceuticals in 2021. LD, TP, AH, and CG have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}