{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:13:58Z","timestamp":1792851238218,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council, Sweden","award":["2022-01188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-01188"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation, Sweden","award":["FO2021-0412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2021-0412"]}]},{"name":"Bo and Ulla Lundevall"},{"name":"Regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Region Stockholm and Karolinska Institutet, Sweden","award":["RS2021-0855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS2021-0855"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Preterm birth (PTB) or small birth size are risk factors for certain neurodevelopmental disorders. The magnitude of these associations in spontaneous births, and of associations for combined PTB and birth size status on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders is unexplored. We investigated whether PTB and small\/large for gestational age (SGA\/LGA), separately or combined, in spontaneous births, are associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. In this population-based registry cohort study, all singleton spontaneous births in Finland from 1996 to 2014 were followed until 2018 (n\u2009=\u2009819\u00a0764). We show that PTB across gestational ages, and SGA, were associated with higher risks for anxiety disorders, intellectual disabilities, specific developmental disorders (SDD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and other emotional and behavioural disorders (F98). Most of these associations were not attributed to familial factors. Larger effect sizes were observed with lower gestational ages. Extremely PTB was associated at highest risks with intellectual disabilities (HR, 10.70 [95%CI, 8.69\u201313.17]) and SDD (HR, 8.91 [95%CI, 8.18\u20139.71]). Moreover, very preterm birth combined with SGA was associated with a higher risk for SDD (HR, 7.55 [95%CI, 6.61\u20138.62]) than that of very preterm or SGA birth alone. Conversely, LGA birth lowered the risk for SDD and other emotional and behavioural disorders among individuals born very preterm. In conclusion, PTB along with SGA is associated with higher risks for SDD than one exposure alone, whereas LGA lowers the risks for SDD and other emotional and behavioural disorders in individuals born spontaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02489-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T16:01:56Z","timestamp":1718208116000},"page":"261-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Association of preterm birth and birth size status with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in spontaneous births"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linghua","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samson","family":"Nivins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0870-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Lavebratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2489_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1097","volume":"174","author":"C Sacchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacchi C, Marino C, Nosarti C, Vieno A, Visentin S, Simonelli A (2020) Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 174:772\u2013781","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","volume":"371","author":"S Saigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saigal S, Doyle LW (2008) An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 371:261\u2013269","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2489_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1645","author":"AP Franz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos IS, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS, Rohde LA, Moreira-Maia CR (2018) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm\/very low birth weight: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-1645","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR4","first-page":"453","volume":"49","author":"S Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson S, Hollis C, Kochhar P, Hennessy E, Wolke D, Marlow N (2010) Psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children: longitudinal finding at age 11 years in the EPICure study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:453-463.e451","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2489_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318212faa0","volume":"69","author":"S Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson S, Marlow N (2011) Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res 69:11\u201318","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2489_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1279","volume":"127","author":"K Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m K, Lindblad F, Hjern A (2011) Preterm birth and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren. Pediatrics 127:858\u2013865","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr024","volume":"34","author":"CO Kerr-Wilson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kerr-Wilson CO, Mackay DF, Smith GCS, Pell JP (2011) Meta-analysis of the association between preterm delivery and intelligence. J Public Health 34:209\u2013216","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2489_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000271911","volume":"73","author":"HM de Bie","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Bie HM, Oostrom KJ, Delemarre-van de Waal HA (2010) Brain development, intelligence and cognitive outcome in children born small for gestational age. Horm Res Paediatr 73:6\u201314","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01956","volume":"64","author":"E Jenabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jenabi E, Bashirian S, Asali Z, Seyedi M (2021) Association between small for gestational age and risk of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Pediatr 64:538\u2013542","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-91","volume":"10","author":"K Heinonen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heinonen K, R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen K, Pesonen AK, Andersson S, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG, Wolke D, Lano A (2010) Behavioural symptoms of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in preterm and term children born small and appropriate for gestational age: a longitudinal study. BMC Pediatr 10:91","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1043","volume":"136","author":"M Sucksdorff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sucksdorff M, Lehtonen L, Chudal R, Suominen A, Joelsson P, Gissler M, Sourander A (2015) Preterm birth and poor fetal growth as risk factors of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 136:e599-608","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003207","volume":"17","author":"M Persson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Persson M, Opdahl S, Risnes K, Gross R, Kajantie E, Reichenberg A, Gissler M, Sandin S (2020) Gestational age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in Sweden, Finland, and Norway: a cohort study. PLoS Med 17:e1003207","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2489_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.09.041","volume":"114","author":"G Boog","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boog G (2004) Obstetrical complications and subsequent schizophrenia in adolescent and young adult offsprings: is there a relationship? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 114:130\u2013136","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2489_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816","volume":"124","author":"CS Aarnoudse-Moens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J (2009) Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and\/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics 124:717\u2013728","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01155.x","volume":"25","author":"JA Hutcheon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hutcheon JA, Zhang X, Platt RW, Cnattingius S, Kramer MS (2011) The case against customised birthweight standards. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 25:11\u201316","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2489_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6","volume":"401","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawn JE, Ohuma EO, Bradley E, Idueta LS, Hazel E, Okwaraji YB, Erchick DJ, Yargawa J, Katz J, Lee AC (2023) Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. Lancet 401:1707\u20131719","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2489_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1910236","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10236","volume":"2","author":"T Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang T, Sidorchuk A, Sevilla-Cerme\u00f1o L, Vilaplana-P\u00e9rez A, Chang Z, Larsson H, Mataix-Cols D, de la Cruz LF (2019) Association of cesarean delivery with risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2:e1910236\u2013e1910236","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2489_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0285-3","volume":"43","author":"JF Strang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strang JF, Kenworthy L, Dominska A, Sokoloff J, Kenealy LE, Berl M, Walsh K, Menvielle E, Slesaransky-Poe G, Kim K-E (2014) Increased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Sex Behav 43:1525\u20131533","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2489_CR19","first-page":"e405","volume":"12","author":"RJ Van Lieshout","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Lieshout RJ, Boyle MH (2011) Is bigger better? Macrosomia and psychopathology later in life. Obes Rev 12:e405\u2013e411","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2489_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01466-7","volume":"29","author":"RJ Van Lieshout","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Lieshout RJ, Savoy CD, Ferro MA, Krzeczkowski JE, Colman I (2020) Macrosomia and psychiatric risk in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:1537\u20131545","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2489_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0285-3","volume":"43","author":"JF Strang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strang JF, Kenworthy L, Dominska A, Sokoloff J, Kenealy LE, Berl M, Walsh K, Menvielle E, Slesaransky-Poe G, Kim K-E, Luong-Tran C, Meagher H, Wallace GL (2014) Increased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Sex Behav 43:1525\u20131533","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2489_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.03.003","volume":"35","author":"W Davies","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davies W (2014) Sex differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: candidate genetic and endocrine mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 35:331\u2013346","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2489_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236994","volume":"15","author":"L Allen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allen L, Leon-Attia O, Shaham M, Shefer S, Gabis LV (2020) Autism risk linked to prematurity is more accentuated in girls. PLoS ONE 15:e0236994","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2489_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.001","volume":"74","author":"T Br\u00f6ring","year":"2018","unstructured":"Br\u00f6ring T, Oostrom KJ, van Dijk-Lokkart EM, Lafeber HN, Brugman A, Oosterlaan J (2018) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder symptoms in school-age children born very preterm. Res Dev Disabil 74:103\u2013112","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2489_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600599727","volume":"95","author":"SR Hintz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hintz SR, Kendrick DE, Vohr BR, Kenneth Poole W, Higgins RD (2006) Gender differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm, extremely-low-birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr 95:1239\u20131248","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0774","volume":"76","author":"B Leppert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leppert B, Havdahl A, Riglin L, Jones HJ, Zheng J, Davey Smith G, Tilling K, Thapar A, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stergiakouli E (2019) Association of maternal neurodevelopmental risk alleles with early-life exposures. JAMA Psychiat 76:834\u2013842","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2489_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.1728","volume":"79","author":"A Havdahl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Havdahl A, Wootton RE, Leppert B, Riglin L, Ask H, Tesli M, Bugge Askeland R, Hannigan LJ, Corfield E, \u00d8yen A-S, Andreassen OA, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Thapar A, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stergiakouli E (2022) Associations between pregnancy-related predisposing factors for offspring neurodevelopmental conditions and parental genetic liability to attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia: the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study (MoBa). JAMA Psychiat 79:799\u2013810","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2489_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12124","volume":"55","author":"C Skoglund","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skoglund C, Chen Q, D\u2019Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H (2014) Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 55:61\u201368","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatr"},{"key":"2489_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.803739","volume":"45","author":"U Sankilampi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sankilampi U, Hannila ML, Saari A, Gissler M, Dunkel L (2013) New population-based references for birth weight, length, and head circumference in singletons and twins from 23 to 43 gestation weeks. Ann Med 45:446\u2013454","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2489_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2017","volume":"92","author":"PE Clayton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A (2007) Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the international societies of pediatric endocrinology and the growth hormone research society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:804\u2013810","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2489_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01835.x","volume":"99","author":"KM Lampi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lampi KM, Sourander A, Gissler M, Niemel\u00e4 S, Rehnstr\u00f6m K, Pulkkinen E, Peltonen L, Von Wendt L (2010) Brief report: validity of Finnish registry-based diagnoses of autism with the ADI-R. Acta Paediatr 99:1425\u20131428","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1374","volume":"69","author":"C Nosarti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nosarti C, Reichenberg A, Murray RM, Cnattingius S, Lambe MP, Yin L, MacCabe J, Rifkin L, Hultman CM (2012) Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69:610\u2013617","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2489_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1654","volume":"123","author":"K Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m K, Lindblad F, Hjern A (2009) Psychiatric morbidity in adolescents and young adults born preterm: a Swedish national cohort study. Pediatrics 123:e47\u2013e53","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4342","volume":"76","author":"E Pettersson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pettersson E, Larsson H, D\u2019Onofrio B, Almqvist C, Lichtenstein P (2019) Association of fetal growth with general and specific mental health conditions. JAMA Psychiat 76:536\u2013543","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2489_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1525","volume":"9","author":"H Atladottir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atladottir H, Schendel D, Henriksen T, Hjort L, Parner E (2016) Gestational age and autism spectrum disorder: trends in risk over time. Autism Res 9:224\u2013231","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"2489_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1315","volume":"172","author":"H Ask","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ask H, Gustavson K, Ystrom E, Havdahl KA, Tesli M, Askeland RB, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (2018) Association of gestational age at birth with symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children. JAMA Pediatr 172:749\u2013756","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"2013:570743","author":"GK Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh GK, Kenney MK, Ghandour RM, Kogan MD, Lu MC (2013) Mental health outcomes in US children and adolescents born prematurely or with low birthweight. Depress Res Treat 2013:1\u201313","journal-title":"Depress Res Treat"},{"key":"2489_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143693","volume":"205","author":"QA Class","year":"2014","unstructured":"Class QA, Rickert ME, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, D\u2019Onofrio BM (2014) Fetal growth and psychiatric and socioeconomic problems: population-based sibling comparison. Br J Psychiatry 205:355\u2013361","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2489_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1036","volume":"128","author":"H Gardener","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL (2011) Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics 128:344\u2013355","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2087","volume":"145","author":"H O\u2019Reilly","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly H, Johnson S, Ni Y, Wolke D, Marlow N (2020) Neuropsychological outcomes at 19 years of age following extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics 145:e20192087","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.5323","volume":"172","author":"ES Twilhaar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Twilhaar ES, Wade RM, de Kieviet JF, van Goudoever JB, van Elburg RM, Oosterlaan J (2018) Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. JAMA Pediatr 172:361\u2013367","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-032300","volume":"148","author":"C Crump","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2021) Preterm or early term birth and risk of autism. Pediatrics 148:e2020032300","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2489_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31819e6a16","volume":"30","author":"M Hack","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hack M, Taylor HG, Schluchter M, Andreias L, Drotar D, Klein N (2009) Behavioral outcomes of extremely low birth weight children at age 8 years. J Dev Behav Pediatr 30:122\u2013130","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2023.08.007","volume":"86","author":"C Crump","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2023) Preterm or early term birth and risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a national cohort and co-sibling study. Ann Epidemiol 86:119-125.e114","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2489_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39663-9","volume":"13","author":"S Nivins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nivins S, Kennedy E, McKinlay C, Thompson B, Harding JE, Alsweiler J, Brown G, Gamble G, Wouldes T, Keegan P, Harris D, Chase G, Turuwhenua J, Rogers J, Shah R, Dai D, Ledger J, Macdonald S, McNeill A, Bevan C, Burakevych N, May R, Hossin S, McKnight G, Hasan R, Wilson J, Knopp J, Chakraborty A, Zhou T, Miller S, Children with H, Their Later Development Study T, Steering g, Other members of the CM-cOSt (2023) Size at birth predicts later brain volumes. Sci Rep 13:12446","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2489_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1","volume":"8","author":"JJ Volpe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Volpe JJ (2009) Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol 8:110\u2013124","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2489_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070","volume":"10","author":"D Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P (2016) Intrauterine growth restriction: antenatal and postnatal aspects. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 10:67\u201383","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Pediatr"},{"key":"2489_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0609-4","volume":"44","author":"L Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong L, Chen X, Gissler M, Lavebratt C (2020) Relationship of prenatal maternal obesity and diabetes to offspring neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders: a narrative review. Int J Obes (Lond) 44:1981\u20132000","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2489_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, Il Shin J, Kirkbride JB, Jones P, Kim JH (2022) Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry 27:281\u2013295","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02489-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02489-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02489-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T05:09:07Z","timestamp":1738904947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02489-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02489-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}