{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:32:56Z","timestamp":1791066776822,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"University of Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Associations among self-control, substance use (e.g., tobacco and cannabis use), and violence perpetration have been documented during the adolescent years, but the direction of these associations is not well understood. Using five assessments (covering 9 years) from a prospective-longitudinal study, we examined self-control as a precursor and subsequent mechanism of associations between adolescent substance use and physical violence perpetration. Data came from a large, ethnically diverse sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,056). Youth reported their self-control at ages 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20; and their tobacco and cannabis use, and physical violence perpetration at ages 13, 15, 17, and 20. Cross-lagged panel analyses examined associations between these constructs over time. More self-control in late childhood and early adolescence was associated with less future tobacco and cannabis use and physical violence perpetration. Tobacco use was partially associated with more physical violence over time; these associations were not mediated by self-control. Tobacco use in early adolescence was associated with future cannabis use; during late adolescence, tobacco and cannabis use were reciprocally associated over time. Cannabis use was not associated with future physical violence perpetration. Early adolescent self-control plays an important role in later substance use and violence perpetration, and tobacco use has unique links with both later cannabis use and violence perpetration. Supporting the capacities for self-control in late childhood and early adolescence and preventing the initiation and use of entry-level substances could play an important role in preventing both substance use and violence perpetration and their many costs to society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02536-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T20:02:29Z","timestamp":1722456149000},"page":"1063-1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Disentangling the effects of self-control and the use of tobacco and cannabis on violence perpetration from childhood to early adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8669-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Loher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annekatrin","family":"Steinhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bechtiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Ribeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Eisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris B.","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20442","volume":"52","author":"D Romer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romer D (2010) Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: implications for prevention. Dev Psychobiol 52:263\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20442","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"2536_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.010","volume":"17","author":"EP Shulman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shulman EP, Smith AR, Silva K et al (2016) The dual systems model: review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation. Dev Cogn Neurosci 17:103\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.010","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2536_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.08.017","volume":"49","author":"BJ Casey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casey BJ, Jones RM (2010) Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:1189\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.08.017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25770","volume":"554","author":"RE Dahl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dahl RE, Allen NB, Wilbrecht L, Suleiman AB (2018) Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective. Nature 554:441\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25770","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2536_CR5","volume-title":"Preventing youth violence: opportunities for action","author":"C David-Ferdon","year":"2014","unstructured":"David-Ferdon C, Simon TR (2014) Preventing youth violence: opportunities for action. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"},{"key":"2536_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.044","volume":"175","author":"J Hardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardt J, Bernert S, Matschinger H et al (2015) Suicidality and its relationship with depression, alcohol disorders and childhood experiences of violence: results from the ESEMeD study. J Affect Disord 175:168\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.044","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2536_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210242","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0242","volume":"4","author":"C Peterson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peterson C, Li M, Xu L, Mikosz CA, Luo F (2021) Assessment of Annual cost of Substance Use Disorder in US hospitals. JAMA Netw Open 4:e210242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0242","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2536_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2013_258","volume-title":"Neuroscience of Aggression","author":"A Beck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beck A, Heinz AJ, Heinz A (2014) Translational clinical neuroscience perspectives on the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms underlying alcohol-related aggression. In: Miczek KA, Meyer-Lindenberg A (eds) Neuroscience of Aggression. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 443\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2013_258"},{"key":"2536_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868311418749","volume":"16","author":"DTD de Ridder","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Ridder DTD, Lensvelt-Mulders G, Finkenauer C, Stok FM, Baumeister RF (2012) Taking stock of self-control: a meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 16:76\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868311418749","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2536_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12675","volume":"58","author":"JT Nigg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nigg JT (2017) Annual research review: on the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiat 58:361\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12675","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiat"},{"key":"2536_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100070","volume":"7","author":"JM Dollar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dollar JM, Calkins SD, Shriver L, Keane SP, Shanahan L, Wideman L (2021) Emerging self-regulatory skills in childhood predict cardiometabolic risk in adolescence. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol 7:100070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100070","journal-title":"Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2536_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003096","volume":"12","author":"MI Posner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Posner MI, Rothbart MK (2000) Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Dev Psychopathol 12:427\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579400003096","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2536_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20435","volume":"52","author":"SD Calkins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calkins SD (2010) Psychobiological models of adolescent risk: implications for prevention and intervention. Dev Psychobiol 52:213\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20435","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"2536_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701767811","volume":"10","author":"SC DeBry","year":"2008","unstructured":"DeBry SC, Tiffany ST (2008) Tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD): a proposed model for the development of impulsivity in nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob Res 10:11\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14622200701767811","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2536_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00110.x","volume":"13","author":"M Schneider","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schneider M (2008) Puberty as a highly vulnerable developmental period for the consequences of cannabis exposure. Addict Biol 13:253\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00110.x","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"2536_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567887","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.567887","volume":"11","author":"L Dellazizzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Athanassiou M, Dumais A (2020) Violence and cannabis use: a focused review of a forgotten aspect in the era of liberalizing cannabis. Front Psychiatry 11:567887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.567887","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckn065","volume":"18","author":"C Huas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huas C, Hassler C, Choquet M (2008) Has occasional cannabis use among adolescents also to be considered as a risk marker? Eur J Public Health 18:626\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckn065","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2536_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv287","volume":"18","author":"AS Lewis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis AS, Oberleitner LMS, Morgan PT, Picciotto MR, McKee SA (2016) Association of cigarette smoking with interpersonal and self-directed violence in a large community-based sample. Nicotine Tob Res 18:1456\u20131462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntv287","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2536_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494814525003","volume":"42","author":"T Norstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","unstructured":"Norstr\u00f6m T, Rossow I (2014) Cannabis use and violence: is there a link? Scand J Public Health 42:358\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494814525003","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2536_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111427","volume":"14","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhang Y, Xi B, Bovet P (2017) Physical fighting and associated factors among adolescents aged 13\u201315 years in six Western Pacific countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:1427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14111427","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2536_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00103.x","volume":"97","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell N (2002) Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction 97:1123\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00103.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2536_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715003001","volume":"46","author":"T Schoeler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schoeler T, Theobald D, Pingault J-B et al (2016) Continuity of cannabis use and violent offending over the life course. Psychol Med 46:1663\u20131677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291715003001","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2536_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.011","volume":"88","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM (2007) Conduct and attentional problems in childhood and adolescence and later substance use, abuse and dependence: results of a 25-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 88:14\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2536_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.024","volume":"116","author":"MFH Griffith-Lendering","year":"2011","unstructured":"Griffith-Lendering MFH, Huijbregts SCJ, Mooijaart A, Vollebergh WAM, Swaab H (2011) Cannabis use and development of externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems in early adolescence: a TRAILS study. Drug Alcohol Depend 116:11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2536_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12268","volume":"108","author":"J Heron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heron J, Barker ED, Joinson C et al (2013) Childhood conduct disorder trajectories, prior risk factors and cannabis use at age 16: birth cohort study. Addiction 108:2129\u20132138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.12268","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2536_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256X.2016.1162166","volume":"16","author":"JY Lim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lim JY, Lui CK (2016) Longitudinal associations between substance use and violence in adolescence through adulthood. J Soc Work Pract Addict 16:72\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1533256X.2016.1162166","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"key":"2536_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002321","volume":"11","author":"H White","year":"1999","unstructured":"White H, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Farrington D (1999) Developmental associations between substance use and violence. Dev Psychopathol 11:785\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579499002321","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2536_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809353051","volume":"37","author":"PJ Fite","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fite PJ, Raine A, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R, Pardini DA (2010) Reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent males: examining differential outcomes 10 years later in early adulthood. Crim Justice Behav 37:141\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854809353051","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"2536_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010076108","volume":"108","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D et al (2011) A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. PNAS 108:2693\u20132698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1010076108","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2536_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000227","volume":"146","author":"DA Robson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robson DA, Allen MS, Howard SJ (2020) Self-regulation in childhood as a predictor of future outcomes: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 146:324\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000227","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2536_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12851","volume":"104","author":"D Kandel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kandel D, Kandel E (2014) The Gateway Hypothesis of substance abuse: Developmental, biological and societal perspectives. Acta Paediatr 104:130\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.12851","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2536_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000520178","volume":"28","author":"BB Quednow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quednow BB, Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Shanahan L (2022) High prevalence and early onsets: legal and illegal substance use in an urban cohort of young adults in Switzerland. Eur Addict Res 28:186\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000520178","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"2536_CR33","volume-title":"Fr\u00fchpr\u00e4vention Von Gewalt Und Aggression. Ergebnisse Des Z\u00fcrcher Pr\u00e4ventions- Und interventionsprojektes an Schulen","author":"M Eisner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eisner M, Ribeaud D, J\u00fcnger R, Meidert U (2008) Fr\u00fchpr\u00e4vention Von Gewalt Und Aggression. Ergebnisse Des Z\u00fcrcher Pr\u00e4ventions- Und interventionsprojektes an Schulen. R\u00fcegger, Z\u00fcrich"},{"key":"2536_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-022-00195-x","volume":"8","author":"D Ribeaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ribeaud D, Murray A, Shanahan L, Shanahan MJ, Eisner M (2022) Cohort profile: the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso). J Dev Life Course Criminol 8:151\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40865-022-00195-x","journal-title":"J Dev Life Course Criminol"},{"key":"2536_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01573-w","volume":"30","author":"A Steinhoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinhoff A, Ribeaud D, Kupferschmid S et al (2021) Self-injury from early adolescence to early adulthood: age-related course, recurrence, and services use in males and females from the community [Suppl. Material, fig. A1]. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:937\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01573-w","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025418797004","volume":"43","author":"NL Eisner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eisner NL, Murray AL, Eisner M, Ribeaud D (2019) A practical guide to the analysis of non-response and attrition in longitudinal research using a real data example. Int J Behav Dev 43:24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165025418797004","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"key":"2536_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Ribeaud D, Eisner MP, Quednow BB, Shanahan L (2022) Polysubstance use in early adulthood: patterns and developmental precursors in an urban cohort. Front Behav Neurosci 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.797473","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.797473"},{"key":"2536_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427893030001002","volume":"30","author":"HG Grasmick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grasmick HG, Tittle CR, Bursik RJ Jr, Arneklev BJ (1993) Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi\u2019s general theory of crime. J Res Crime Delinq 30:5\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427893030001002","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinq"},{"key":"2536_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01203.x","volume":"34","author":"D Longshore","year":"1996","unstructured":"Longshore D, Rand ST, Stein JA (1996) Self-control in a criminal sample: an examination of construct validity. Criminology 34:209\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01203.x","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"2536_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.03.022","volume":"97","author":"AL Murray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murray AL, Obsuth I, Eisner M, Ribeaud D (2016) Shaping aggressive personality in adolescence: exploring cross- lagged relations between aggressive thoughts, aggressive behaviour and self-control. Pers Individ Dif 97:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.03.022","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"2536_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00911232","volume":"19","author":"RE Tremblay","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tremblay RE, Loeber R, Gagnon C, Charlebois P, Lariv\u00e9e S, LeBlanc M (1991) Disruptive boys with stable and unstable high fighting behavior patterns during junior elementary school. J Abnorm Child Psychol 19:285\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00911232","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"2536_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315799544","volume-title":"Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood","author":"D Olweus","year":"1993","unstructured":"Olweus D (1993) Victimization by peers: antecedents and long-term outcomes. In: Rubin KH, Asendorpf JB (eds) Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood. Psychology, New York, pp 315\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315799544"},{"key":"2536_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-089X(92)90017-B","volume":"21","author":"HBG Ganzeboom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ganzeboom HBG, De Graaf PM, Treiman DJ (1992) A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Soc Sci Res 21:1\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0049-089X(92)90017-B","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"2536_CR44","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Handbook of structural equation modeling","author":"JC Biesanz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Biesanz JC (2012) Autoregressive longitudinal models. In: Hoyle RH (ed) Handbook of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 459\u2013471"},{"key":"2536_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738","volume":"28","author":"JD Mulder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulder JD, Hamaker EL (2021) Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Struct Equ Model 28:638\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"2536_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","volume":"39","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2004","unstructured":"MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J (2004) Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivar Behav Res 39:99\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"2536_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1402335","volume":"44","author":"ME Patrick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patrick ME, Kloska DD, Terry-McElrath YM, Lee CM, O\u2019Malley PM, Johnston LD (2018) Patterns of simultaneous and concurrent alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 44:441\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00952990.2017.1402335","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abus"},{"key":"2536_CR48","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"2536_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y (2012) Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Soft 48:1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"2536_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","volume":"7","author":"JL Schafer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schafer JL, Graham JW (2002) Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods 7:147\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2536_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","volume":"8","author":"CK Enders","year":"2001","unstructured":"Enders CK, Bandalos DL (2001) The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Struct Equ Model 8:430\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"2536_CR52","volume-title":"A beginner\u2019s guide to structural equation modeling","author":"RE Schumacker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schumacker RE, Lomax RG (2010) A beginner\u2019s guide to structural equation modeling, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York","edition":"3"},{"key":"2536_CR53","first-page":"53","volume":"6","author":"D Hooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen M (2008) Structural equation modeling: guidelines for determining Model Fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods 6:53\u201360","journal-title":"Electron J Bus Res Methods"},{"key":"2536_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109063","volume":"228","author":"L Shanahan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shanahan L, Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L et al (2021) Frequent teenage cannabis use: prevalence across adolescence and associations with young adult psychopathology and functional well-being in an urban cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend 228:109063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109063","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2536_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.02.001","volume":"45","author":"TF Denson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Denson TF, Capper MM, Oaten M, Friese M, Schofield TP (2011) Self-control training decreases aggression in response to provocation in aggressive individuals. J Res Pers 45:252\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.02.001","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"2536_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015433","volume":"97","author":"EJ Finkel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finkel EJ, DeWall CN, Slotter EB, Oaten M, Foshee VA (2009) Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration. J Pers Soc Psychol 97:483\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0015433","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2536_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4073\/csr.2010.2","volume":"6","author":"AR Piquero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piquero AR, Jennings WG, Farrington DP (2010) Self-control interventions for children under age 10 for improving self-control and delinquency and problem behaviors. Campbell Syst Rev 6:1\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4073\/csr.2010.2","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"2536_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032061","volume":"49","author":"JC Barnes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barnes JC, Boutwell BB, Beaver KM, Gibson CL (2013) Analyzing the origins of childhood externalizing behavioral problems. Dev Psychol 49:2272\u20132284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032061","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2536_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schunk D, Berger EM, Hermes H, Winkel K, Fehr E (2022) Teaching self-regulation. Nat Hum Behav 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-022-01449-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01449-w"},{"key":"2536_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.022","volume":"57","author":"LK Jacobsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jacobsen LK, Krystal JH, Mencl WE, Westerveld M, Frost SJ, Pugh KR (2005) Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers. Biol Psychiatry 57:56\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803956","volume-title":"Companions in crime: the social aspects of criminal conduct","author":"M Warr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warr M (2002) Companions in crime: the social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge University Press, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511803956"},{"key":"2536_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015774125952","volume":"30","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Swain-Campbell NR, Horwood LJ (2002) Deviant peer affiliations, crime and substance use: a fixed effects regression analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:419\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1015774125952","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"2536_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98711-4_85-1","volume-title":"Handbook of anger, aggression, and violence","author":"KK Elam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elam KK, Kutzner J, Bettinger S, Qin W, Summit AG (2022) Polygenic risk for Aggression and Developmental Links with Substance Use via Gene-Environment Interplay. In: Martin C, Preedy VR, Patel VB (eds) Handbook of anger, aggression, and violence. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-98711-4_85-1"},{"key":"2536_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01480-x","volume":"11","author":"HF Ip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ip HF, van der Laan CM, Krapohl EML et al (2021) Genetic association study of childhood aggression across raters, instruments, and age. Transl Psychiatry 11:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01480-x","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021266","volume":"72","author":"JS Lappin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lappin JS, Eriksen CW (1966) Use of a delayed signal to stop a visual reaction-time response. J Exp Psychol 72:805\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0021266","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2536_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.91.3.295","volume":"91","author":"GD Logan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Logan GD, Cowan WB (1984) On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control. Psychol Rev 91:295\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.91.3.295","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2536_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15411","volume":"54","author":"H El Marroun","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Marroun H, Klapwijk ET, Koevoets M et al (2021) Alcohol use and brain morphology in adolescence: a longitudinal study in three different cohorts. Eur J Neurosci 54:6012\u20136026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.15411","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2536_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000041","volume":"20","author":"C Dormann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dormann C, Griffin MA (2015) Optimal time lags in panel studies. Psychol Methods 20:489\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000041","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2536_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2014.963549","volume":"12","author":"P Adachi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adachi P, Willoughby T (2015) Interpreting effect sizes when controlling for stability effects in longitudinal autoregressive models: implications for psychological science. Eur J Dev Psychol 12:116\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17405629.2014.963549","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2536_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300620","volume":"30","author":"SD Lane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lane SD, Cherek DR, Tcheremissine OV, Lieving LM, Pietras CJ (2005) Acute marijuana effects on human risk taking. Neuropsychopharmacol 30:800\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.npp.1300620","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2536_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1405092","volume":"371","author":"ER Kandel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kandel ER, Kandel DB (2014) A molecular basis for Nicotine as a Gateway Drug. N Engl J Med 371:932\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa1405092","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2536_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018","volume":"123","author":"MM Vanyukov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirillova GP et al (2012) Common liability to addiction and gateway hypothesis: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend 123:S3\u2013S17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2536_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06768.x","volume":"1282","author":"L Hogarth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hogarth L, Balleine BW, Corbit LH, Killcross S (2013) Associative learning mechanisms underpinning the transition from recreational drug use to addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1282:12\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06768.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2536_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0289-z","volume":"21","author":"C L\u00fcscher","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher C, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2020) The transition to compulsion in addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 21:247\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0289-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2536_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01220.x","volume":"100","author":"GC Patton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Lynskey M (2005) Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction 100:1518\u20131525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01220.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2536_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.015","volume":"150","author":"A Badiani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Badiani A, Boden JM, De Pirro S, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Harold GT (2015) Tobacco smoking and cannabis use in a longitudinal birth cohort: evidence of reciprocal causal relationships. Drug Alcohol Depend 150:69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2536_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2194-3","volume":"15","author":"J Becker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Becker J, Schaub MP, Gmel G, Haug S (2015) Cannabis use and other predictors of the onset of daily cigarette use in young men: what matters most? Results from a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 15:843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-2194-3","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2536_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.11.011","author":"A Steinhoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steinhoff A, Shanahan L, Bechtiger L et al (2023) When substance use is underreported: comparing self-reports and hair toxicology in an urban cohort of young adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.11.011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manthey J, Freeman TP, Kilian C, L\u00f3pez-Pelayo H, Rehm J (2021) Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates. Lancet Reg Health Eur 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100227"},{"key":"2536_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00161-4","volume":"9","author":"K Petrilli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petrilli K, Ofori S, Hines L, Taylor G, Adams S, Freeman TP (2022) Association of cannabis potency with mental ill health and addiction: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 9:736\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00161-4","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2536_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.675","volume":"301","author":"S Fazel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fazel S, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, Hjern A, Grann M, Lichtenstein P (2009) Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA 301:2016\u20132023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.675","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2536_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcr.2018.10.002","volume":"41","author":"M Mund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mund M, Nestler S (2019) Beyond the Cross-lagged Panel Model: next-generation statistical tools for analyzing interdependencies across the life course. Adv Life Course Res 41:100249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcr.2018.10.002","journal-title":"Adv Life Course Res"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02536-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02536-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02536-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T09:22:30Z","timestamp":1741944150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02536-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02536-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. The study received ethics clearance from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Zurich\u00a0(approval no.: 2018.2.12), and the Cantonal Ethics Committee Zurich.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the participants at each wave, and caregivers of those aged 15 and younger had the option of interdiction.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All co-authors consented for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The co-authors declare no potential conflicts of interest in regard to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicting interests"}}]}}