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This paper explores the impact of risk and protective factors on the mental well-being of young individuals during the pandemic. Using data from the German nationwide, population-based, longitudinal COPSY study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092,471, girls: 50.0%, age 7\u201317 years) spanning nearly three years, this study investigates how factors such as gender, age, parental education, parental depressive symptoms, family cohesion, and social support influence mental health. Mental health problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Latent growth analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze cross-sectional and longitudinal data collected at five measurement points (initial response rate: 46.8%). Findings revealed that boys and younger children are at a higher risk for mental health problems. Additionally, low parental education, single parenthood, parental burden due to the pandemic and parental depressive symptoms were significantly linked with mental health problems in children. Conversely, personal resources, family cohesion, and social support were associated with less symptoms. Family cohesion additionally buffered against the negative impact of parental depressive symptoms. The study underscores the importance of multi-level interventions that consider individual, familial, and societal factors in promoting positive mental health outcomes among children and adolescents during challenging times. Continued research and collaborative efforts are needed to develop evidence-based strategies for supporting the resilience of young individuals in the face of future adversities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02604-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T13:03:00Z","timestamp":1730206980000},"page":"1849-1859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Risk and protective factors for mental health problems in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of the longitudinal COPSY study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Zoellner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Erhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-K.","family":"Napp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Ravens-Sieberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolf K, Schmitz J (2023) Scoping review: longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health. 1\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-023-02206-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02206-8"},{"key":"2604_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castelpietra G, Knudsen AKS, Agardh EE, Armocida B, Beghi M, Iburg KM, Logroscino G, Ma R, Starace F et al (2022) The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm among young people in Europe, 1990\u2009\u2013\u20092019: findings from the global burden of Disease Study 2019. 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