{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:48:43Z","timestamp":1787982523282,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health","award":["Personalized Medicine Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Personalized Medicine Grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 847818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 847818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Veni grant (016.196.153)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Veni grant (016.196.153)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Stimulant medication is effective in alleviating overall symptom severity of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet interindividual variability in treatment response and tolerability still exists. While network analysis has identified differences in ADHD symptom relations, the impact of stimulant medication remains unexplored. Increased understanding of this association could provide valuable insights for optimizing treatment approaches for individuals with ADHD. In this study, we compared and characterized ADHD symptom networks (including 18 ADHD symptoms) between stimulant-treated (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009348) and untreated (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200970) individuals with ADHD and non-ADHD controls (NACs; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009444). Moreover, we compared symptom networks between subgroups defined by their stimulant treatment trajectory (early-and-intense use, late-and-moderate use). Stimulant-treated individuals with ADHD showed stronger associations between symptoms, compared with untreated individuals with ADHD and NACs. We found no differences in symptom networks between the stimulant treatment trajectory subgroups. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle whether the identified differences stem from treatment or pre-existing factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02610-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T04:51:19Z","timestamp":1731300679000},"page":"1917-1929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stimulant medication and symptom interrelations in children, adolescents and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Zarah","family":"van der Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde M.","family":"Geurts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas M. B.","family":"Haslbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"van Keeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marijn","family":"Bruijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Douw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"van Rooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Buitelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanda","family":"Lambregts-Rommelse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Oosterlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein","family":"Luman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Reneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa F.","family":"Blanken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"Schrantee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2610_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonuga-Barke E, Kostyrka-Allchorne K (2022) Editorial Perspective: Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder viewed as neuro-divergence in the digital world. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Advance online publication","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13710"},{"issue":"7","key":"2610_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00167-X","volume":"8","author":"E Sonuga-Barke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sonuga-Barke E, Thapar A (2021) The neurodiversity concept: is it helpful for clinicians and scientists? Lancet Psychiatry 8(7):559\u2013561","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2610_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-99","volume":"10","author":"M Shaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Young S, Kahle J, Woods AG, Arnold LE (2012) A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med 10:99","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2610_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.t01-1-00104","volume":"44","author":"MT Willoughby","year":"2003","unstructured":"Willoughby MT (2003) Developmental course of ADHD symptomatology during the transition from childhood to adolescence: a review with recommendations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 44(1):88\u2013106","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2020.0161","volume":"31","author":"N Veluri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veluri N, Patel RS (2021) Letter to the editor: differences in rate of stimulant medication use for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder by Western and Non-western origins. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 31(4):324\u2013326","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2610_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30293-1","volume":"5","author":"SR Raman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raman SR, Man KKC, Bahmanyar S, Berard A, Bilder S, Boukhris T, Bushnell G, Crystal S, Furu K, KaoYang YH, Karlstad \u00d8, Kieler H, Kubota K, Lai EC, Martikainen JE, Maura G, Moore N, Montero D, Nakamura H, Neumann A, Wong ICK (2018) Trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: a retrospective observational study using population-based databases. Lancet Psychiatry 5(10):824\u2013835","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"2610_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200202001-00003","volume":"41","author":"LL Greenhill","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, Bernet W, Arnold V, Beitchman J, Benson RS, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, McClellan J, Rue D, Shaw JA, Stock S, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2002) Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(2 Suppl):26S\u201349S","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.754","volume":"113","author":"MTA Cooperative Group","year":"2004","unstructured":"MTA Cooperative Group (2004) National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 113(4):754\u2013761","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"18","key":"2610_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5453","volume":"315","author":"E Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan E, Fogler JM, Hammerness PG (2016) Treatment of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA 315(18):1997\u20132008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2610_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","volume":"5","author":"S Cortese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, Atkinson LZ, Tessari L, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Hollis C, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Barbui C, Purgato M, Steinhausen HC, Shokraneh F, Xia J, Cipriani A (2018) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 5(9):727\u2013738","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.055","volume":"142","author":"M Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson M, \u00c5sberg Johnels J, \u00d6stlund S, Cedergren K, Omanovic Z, Hjalmarsson K, Jakobsson K, H\u00f6gstedt J, Billstedt E (2021) Long-term medication for ADHD and development of cognitive functions in children and adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 142:204\u2013209","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2610_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","volume":"16","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borsboom D (2017) A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry 16(1):5\u201313","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silk TJ, Malpas CB, Beare R, Efron D, Anderson V, Hazell P, Jongeling B, Nicholson JM, Sciberras E (2019) A network analysis approach to ADHD symptoms: more than the sum of its parts. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0211053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211053"},{"issue":"5","key":"2610_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000661","volume":"130","author":"MM Martel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martel MM, Goh PK, Lee CA, Karalunas SL, Nigg JT (2021) Longitudinal attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptom networks in childhood and adolescence: key symptoms, stability, and predictive validity. J Abnorm Psychol 130(5):562\u2013574","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2610_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00549-y","volume":"47","author":"J Preszler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Preszler J, Burns GL (2019) Network Analysis of ADHD and ODD symptoms: Novel insights or redundant findings with the latent variable model? J Abnorm Child Psychol 47(10):1599\u20131610","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2610_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0573-4","volume":"24","author":"D von Rhein","year":"2015","unstructured":"von Rhein D, Mennes M, van Ewijk H, Groenman AP, Zwiers MP, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Franke B, Hoekstra PJ, Faraone SV, Hartman C, Buitelaar J (2015) The NeuroIMAGE study: a prospective phenotypic, cognitive, genetic and MRI study in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Des Descriptives Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24(3):265\u2013281","journal-title":"Des Descriptives Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001869","volume":"11","author":"K Brookes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W et al (2006) The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry 11:934\u2013953","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-54","volume":"11","author":"UC M\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller UC, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar JK, Ebstein RP, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Steinhausen HC (2011) The impact of study design and diagnostic approach in a large multi-centre ADHD study. Part 1: ADHD symptom patterns. BMC Psychiatry 11:54","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-55","volume":"11","author":"UC M\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller UC, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar JK, Ebstein RP, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Steinhausen HC (2011) The impact of study design and diagnostic approach in a large multi-centre ADHD study: part 2: dimensional measures of psychopathology and intelligence. BMC Psychiatry 11:55","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2610_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980\u2013988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2610_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479900300303","volume":"3","author":"CK Conners","year":"1999","unstructured":"Conners CK, Erhardt D, Epstein JN, Parker JDA, Sitarenios G, Sparrow E (1999) Self-ratings of ADHD symptoms in adults I: factor structure and normative data. J Atten Disord 3(3):141\u2013151","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022606501530","volume":"26","author":"CK Conners","year":"1998","unstructured":"Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN (1998) Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 26(4):279\u2013291","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022602400621","volume":"26","author":"CK Conners","year":"1998","unstructured":"Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN (1998) The revised Conners\u2019 parent rating scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 26(4):257\u2013268","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2610_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v093.i08","volume":"93","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Waldorp LJ (2020) Mgm: estimating time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data. J Stat Softw 93(8):1\u201346","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","volume":"48","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Cramer AO, Waldorp LJ, Schmittmann VD, Borsboom D (2012) Qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in Psychometric Data. J Stat Softw 48(4):1\u201318","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"3","key":"2610_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K (2011) Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw 45(3):1\u201367","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"2610_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1677207","volume":"56","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Borsboom D, Waldorp LJ (2021) Moderated Network models. Multivar Behav Res 56(2):256\u2013287","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167","volume":"23","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Fried EI (2018) A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychol Methods 23(4):617\u2013634","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2610_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","volume":"9","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borsboom D, Cramer AO (2013) Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Ann Rev Clin Psychol 9:91\u2013121","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2610_CR31","unstructured":"Foygel R, Drton M (2010) Extended bayesian information criteria for gaussian graphical models. NIPS"},{"key":"2610_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isvoranu AM, Epskamp S (2021) Which estimation method to choose in network psychometrics? Deriving guidelines for applied researchers. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/mbycn"},{"issue":"3","key":"2610_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.03.006","volume":"32","author":"T Opsahl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Opsahl T, Agneessens F, Skvoretz J (2010) Node centrality in weighted networks: generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks 32(3):245\u2013251","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"6684","key":"2610_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/30918","volume":"393","author":"DJ Watts","year":"1998","unstructured":"Watts DJ, Strogatz SH (1998) Collective dynamics of \u2018small-world\u2019 networks. Nature 393(6684):440\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/30918","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"16","key":"2610_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.168702","volume":"101","author":"T Opsahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Opsahl T, Colizza V, Panzarasa P, Ramasco JJ (2008) Prominence and control: the weighted rich-club effect. Phys Rev Lett 101(16):168702","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"2610_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang B, Horvath S (2005) A general framework for weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol, 4, Article 17.","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1128"},{"issue":"11","key":"2610_CR37","first-page":"1129","volume":"21","author":"TM Fruchterman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fruchterman TM, Reingold EM (1991) Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software: Pract Experience 21(11):1129\u20131164","journal-title":"Software: Pract Experience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2610_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615618664","volume":"4","author":"MM Martel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martel MM, Levinson CA, Langer JK, Nigg JT (2016) A network analysis of developmental change in ADHD symptom structure from preschool to adulthood. Clin Psychol Sci 4(6):988\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702615618664","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2610_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greven C, Richards JS, Buitelaar J (2018) Sex differences in ADHD. In Oxford Textbook of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Edited by Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zuddas A. Oxford, Oxford University Press. P. 154\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780198739258.003.0016","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198739258.003.0016"},{"issue":"9","key":"2610_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01283-y","volume":"28","author":"AP Groenman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Groenman AP, Schweren LJS, Weeda W, Luman M, Noordermeer SDS, Heslenfeld DJ, Franke B, Faraone SV, Rommelse N, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Buitelaar J, Oosterlaan J (2019) Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(9):1213\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01283-y","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2610_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e790","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10624","volume":"78","author":"LJS Schweren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schweren LJS, Groenman A, von Rhein D, Weeda W, Faraone SF, Luman M, van Ewijk H, Heslenfeld DJ, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Oosterlaan J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA (2017) Stimulant treatment trajectories are Associated with neural reward Processing in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 78(7):e790\u2013e796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.15m10624","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR42","unstructured":"Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ (1990) Generalized additive models. CRC"},{"key":"2610_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wood SN (2017) Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Chapman and Hall\/CRC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781315370279","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.069","volume":"56","author":"M Rubinov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rubinov M, Sporns O (2011) Weight-conserving characterization of complex functional brain networks. NeuroImage 56(4):2068\u20132079","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2610_CR45","first-page":"59","volume":"14","author":"FZ Esfahlani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esfahlani FZ, Sayama H, Visser KF, Strauss GP (2017) Sensitivity of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in detecting Treatment effects via Network Analysis. Innovations Clin Neurosci 14(11\u201312):59\u201367","journal-title":"Innovations Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2610_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.02.009","volume":"8","author":"E McElroy","year":"2019","unstructured":"McElroy E, Napoleone E, Wolpert M, Patalay P (2019) Structure and connectivity of depressive symptom networks corresponding to early treatment response. EclinicalMedicine 8:29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.02.009","journal-title":"EclinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"14","key":"2610_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001002","volume":"51","author":"MT Berlim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berlim MT, Richard-Devantoy S, Dos Santos NR, Turecki G (2021) The network structure of core depressive symptom-domains in major depressive disorder following antidepressant treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Psychol Med 51(14):2399\u20132413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291720001002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2610_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.746678","author":"A Whiston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whiston A, Lennon A, Brown C, Looney C, Larkin E, O\u2019Sullivan L, Sik N, Semkovska M (2022) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Escitalopram, Mirtazapine and Venlafaxine for Depression. Front Psychiatry 13:746678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.746678. A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Analysis of the Residual Symptom Structure Following"},{"issue":"9","key":"2610_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0286-5","volume":"21","author":"P Hodgkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hodgkins P, Shaw M, Coghill D, Hechtman L (2012) Amfetamine and methylphenidate medications for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: complementary treatment options. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21(9):477\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-012-0286-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schumacher L, Burger J, Echterhoff J, Kriston L (2024) Methodological and Statistical Practices of Using Symptom Networks To Evaluate Mental Health Interventions: a review and reflections. Multivar Behav Res 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2024.2335401. Advance online publication","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2024.2335401"},{"issue":"2","key":"2610_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211050921","volume":"30","author":"PK Goh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goh PK, Martel MM, Jones PJ, Bansal PS, Eng AG, Elkins AR, Thaxton MH, Barkley RA (2023) Clarifying relations between ADHD and functional impairment in Adulthood: utilization of Network and Machine Learning approaches. Assessment 30(2):316\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911211050921","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"2610_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2021.1946820","volume":"52","author":"PK Goh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goh PK, Smith TE, Lee CA, Bansal PS, Eng AG, Martel MM (2023) Etiological networks of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder during Childhood and Adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychology: Official J Soc Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Am Psychol Association Div 53 52(2):230\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2021.1946820","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychology: Official J Soc Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Am Psychol Association Div 53"},{"key":"2610_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preszler J, Burns GL, Becker SP, Servera M (2022) Multisource Longitudinal Network and Latent Variable Model Analyses of ADHD Symptoms in Children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 51(2), 211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2020.1756297","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2020.1756297"},{"issue":"7","key":"2610_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211045743","volume":"26","author":"CA Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee CA, Goh PK, Shelton CR, Hartung CM (2022) Networks of ADHD and SCT symptoms in emerging Adulthood. J Atten Disord 26(7):991\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10870547211045743","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"2610_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25981","volume":"43","author":"A Kaiser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaiser A, Broeder C, Cohen JR, Douw L, Reneman L, Schrantee A (2022) Effects of a single-dose methylphenidate challenge on resting-state functional connectivity in stimulant-treatment naive children and adults with ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp 43(15):4664\u20134675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25981","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"5","key":"2610_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9620-8","volume":"11","author":"TJ Silk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silk TJ, Malpas C, Vance A, Bellgrove MA (2017) The effect of single-dose methylphenidate on resting-state network functional connectivity in ADHD. Brain Imaging Behav 11(5):1422\u20131431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-016-9620-8","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2610_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9713-z","volume":"12","author":"JH Yoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoo JH, Kim D, Choi J, Jeong B (2018) Treatment effect of methylphenidate on intrinsic functional brain network in medication-na\u00efve ADHD children: a multivariate analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 12(2):518\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-017-9713-z","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2610_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2031-9","volume":"19","author":"P S\u00f6r\u00f6s","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u00f6r\u00f6s P, Hoxhaj E, Borel P, Sadohara C, Feige B, Matthies S, M\u00fcller HHO, Bachmann K, Schulze M, Philipsen A (2019) Hyperactivity\/restlessness is associated with increased functional connectivity in adults with ADHD: a dimensional analysis of resting state fMRI. BMC Psychiatry 19(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2031-9","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2610_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.027","volume":"130","author":"TF Blanken","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blanken TF, Bathelt J, Deserno MK, Voge L, Borsboom D, Douw L (2021) Connecting brain and behavior in clinical neuroscience: a network approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 130:81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.027","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2610_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI (2018) Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods 50(1):195\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054707299367","volume":"11","author":"JJS Kooij","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kooij JJS, Boonstra AM, Swinkels SHN, Bekker EM, de Noord I, Buitelaar JK (2008) Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report concerning symptoms of ADHD in adult patients. J Atten Disord 11(4):445\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054707299367","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2610_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713478652","volume":"20","author":"L Alexander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander L, Liljequist L (2016) Determining the Accuracy of Self-Report Versus informant-report using the Conners\u2019 adult ADHD rating scale. J Atten Disord 20(4):346\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054713478652","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2610_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.020","volume":"82","author":"E Du Rietz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Du Rietz E, Cheung CH, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Kuntsi J (2016) Self-report of ADHD shows limited agreement with objective markers of persistence and remittance. J Psychiatr Res 82:91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2610_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579421000900","volume":"33","author":"SL Karalunas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karalunas SL, Antovich D, Goh PK, Martel MM, Tipsord J, Nousen EK, Nigg JT (2021) Longitudinal network model of the co-development of temperament, executive functioning, and psychopathology symptoms in youth with and without ADHD. Dev Psychopathol 33(5):1803\u20131820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579421000900","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2610_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buitelaar J, B\u00f6lte S, Brandeis D, Caye A, Christmann N, Cortese S, Coghill D, Faraone SV, Franke B, Gleitz M, Greven CU, Kooij S, Leffa DT, Rommelse N, Newcorn JH, Polanczyk GV, Rohde LA, Simonoff E, Stein M, Vitiello B, \u2026 Banaschewski T (2022) Toward Precision Medicine in ADHD. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 16:900981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.900981","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.900981"},{"issue":"6","key":"2610_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2009.0033","volume":"19","author":"M Solanto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Solanto M, Newcorn J, Vail L, Gilbert S, Ivanov I, Lara R (2009) Stimulant drug response in the predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(6):663\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2009.0033","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2610_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318217b4df","volume":"31","author":"R Chazan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chazan R, Borowski C, Pianca T, Ludwig H, Rohde LA, Polanczyk G (2011) Do phenotypic characteristics, parental psychopathology, family functioning, and environmental stressors have a role in the response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder? A naturalistic study from a developing country. J Clin Psychopharmacol 31(3):309\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318217b4df","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2610_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1793-z","volume":"43","author":"B Reichow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH (2013) Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 43(10):2435\u20132441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-013-1793-z","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2610_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.12.002","volume":"61","author":"A Krasny-Pacini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krasny-Pacini A, Evans J (2018) Single-case experimental designs to assess intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation: a practical guide. Annals Phys Rehabilitation Med 61(3):164\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.12.002","journal-title":"Annals Phys Rehabilitation Med"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02610-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02610-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02610-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:07:45Z","timestamp":1750828065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02610-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02610-8","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.746678","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the medical ethical committees of the VU University Medical Centre and Radboud University Medical Centre (NL23894.091.08).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"We obtained written informed consent from all participants aged 12 years and older, and from parents for participants under 18, for participation in the NeuroIMAGE study and use of their de-identified data in analysis and publications.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"JB has been in the past 3 years a consultant to \/ member of advisory board of \/ and\/or speaker for Takeda, Medice, Angelini, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, and royalties. All other authors have no competing interest or industry support to report.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}