{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1790168961511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004429","name":"University of Crete","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Longitudinal research assessing childhood mental health is limited, particularly in terms of tracking how early-life factors influence the development of emotional and behavioral disorders over time. The present study aimed to examine the influence of both antenatal and postnatal maternal mental health on children's emotional and behavioral development, with a focus on the trajectory of internalizing, externalizing and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms from early childhood through adolescence. The present study included 434 mother\u2013child pairs of the Rhea mother\u2013child cohort in Crete, Greece. Maternal depressive symptoms (EPDS), trait anxiety (STAI-Trait), and personality traits (EPQ-R) were assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy, while postnatal depressive symptoms (EPDS) were evaluated 8\u201310\u00a0weeks after childbirth. Children\u2019s internalizing, externalizing and ADHD-related symptoms were assessed at ages 4 (using the SDQ and ADHDT, respectively), and at ages 6, 11, and 15 (using the CBCL and CPRS-R:S, respectively). Multivariate mixed regression models, incorporating a random intercept for each child and a random slope for age at follow-up, were used to analyze the trajectories of symptoms from ages 4 to 15. Significant long-term associations were found between maternal mental health and child outcomes between the ages of 4 and 15. Specifically, higher levels of maternal trait anxiety and neuroticism were associated with an increase in children's internalizing, externalizing, and ADHD symptoms. Both antenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were linked to a greater likelihood of internalizing and externalizing symptoms over time, but only postnatal depression was related to a rise in ADHD symptoms. The findings emphasize the importance of perinatal maternal mental health in children's emotional and behavioral development and suggest the need for prevention and early intervention programs to support the mental health of both mothers and children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02746-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T22:36:09Z","timestamp":1747780569000},"page":"3261-3274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Perinatal maternal mental health and offspring internalizing and externalizing difficulties from early childhood through adolescence: Rhea mother\u2014child cohort in Crete, Greece"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Katerina","family":"Koutra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysi","family":"Mouatsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Margetaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theano","family":"Roumeliotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Mavroeides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Psoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariza","family":"Kampouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Karachaliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Kogevinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lida","family":"Chatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414533834","volume":"48","author":"W Bor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bor W, Dean AJ, Najman J, Hayatbakhsh R (2014) Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 48(7):606\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867414533834","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2746_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0637-5","volume":"24","author":"Klasen F, Otto C, Kriston L, Patalay P, Schlack R, Ravens-Sieberer U, Group BS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klasen F, Otto C, Kriston L, Patalay P, Schlack R, Ravens-Sieberer U, Group BS (2015) Risk and protective factors for the development of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: results of the longitudinal BELLA study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24(6):695\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-014-0637-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000687","volume":"28","author":"CJ Willner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willner CJ, Gatzke-Kopp LM, Bray BC (2016) The dynamics of internalizing and externalizing comorbidity across the early school years. Dev Psychopathol 28:1033\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579416000687","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","volume":"5","author":"K Sayal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D (2018) ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry 5(2):175\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","volume":"359","author":"PD Gluckman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL (2008) Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med 359(1):61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095539","volume":"15","author":"C Monk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monk C, Lugo-Candelas C, Trumpff C (2019) Prenatal developmental origins of future psychopathology: Mechanisms and pathways. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 15:317\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095539","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003","volume":"117","author":"BRH Van den Bergh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van den Bergh BRH, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M, Braeken M, de Rooij SR, Entringer S, Hoyer D et al (2020) Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117:26\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02386-9","volume":"58","author":"K Al-Abri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Abri K, Edge D, Armitage CJ (2023) Prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 58(11):1581\u20131590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-022-02386-9","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.04.003","volume":"273","author":"E Frannson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frannson E, S\u00f6rensen F, Kunovac Kallak T, Ramklint M, Eckerdal P, Heimg\u00e4rtner M, Kr\u00e4geloh-Mann I et al (2020) Maternal perinatal depressive symptoms trajectories and impact on toddler behavior - the importance of symptom duration and maternal bonding. J Affect Disord 273:542\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.04.003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.056","volume":"287","author":"RF Hentges","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hentges RF, Graham SA, Plamondon A, Tough S, Madigan S (2021) Bidirectional associations between maternal depression, hostile parenting, and early child emotional problems: Findings from the all our families cohort. J Affect Disord 287:397\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.056","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.02.011","volume":"57","author":"A Suarez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suarez A, Lahti J, Czamara D, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Knight AK, Girchenko P, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen E et al (2018) The epigenetic clock at birth: Associations with maternal antenatal depression and child psychiatric problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 57(5):321-328.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.02.011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9766-4","volume":"42","author":"JA Leis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leis JA, Heron J, Stuart EA, Mendelson T (2013) Associations between maternal mental health and child emotional and behavioral problems: Does prenatal mental health matter? J Abnorm Child Psychol 42(1):161\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-013-9766-4","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0326-x","volume":"44","author":"L Pihlakoski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pihlakoski L, Sourander A, Aromaa M, R\u00f6nning JA, Rautava P, Helenius H, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 M (2013) Do antenatal and postnatal parental psychological distress, and recognized need of help predict preadolescent\u2019s psychiatric symptoms? The Finnish Family Competence Cohort Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 44(2):305\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-012-0326-x","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720914386","volume":"25","author":"EM Eilertsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eilertsen EM, Hannigan LJ, McAdams TA, Rijsdijk FV, Czajkowski N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E et al (2021) Parental prenatal symptoms of depression and offspring symptoms of ADHD: A genetically informed intergenerational study. J Atten Disord 25(11):1554\u20131563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054720914386","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.002","volume":"217","author":"K Koutra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koutra K, Roumeliotaki T, Kyriklaki A, Kampouri M, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Bitsios P et al (2017) Maternal depression and personality traits in association with child neuropsychological and behavioral development in preschool years: Mother-child cohort (Rhea Study) in Crete, Greece. J Affect Disord 217:89\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.002","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.06.005","volume":"63","author":"NL Nidey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nidey NL, Momany AM, Strathearn L, Carter KD, Wehby GL, Bao W, Xu G et al (2021) Association between perinatal depression and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children: A retrospective cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 63:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.06.005","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21843","volume":"41","author":"DE Choe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choe DE, McDonough SC, Sameroff AJ, Lawrence AC (2020) Postnatal trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms: Postpartum antecedents and differences in toddler adjustment. Infant Ment Health J 41(2):278\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/imhj.21843","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"2746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01596-9","author":"D Semeniuk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Semeniuk D, Boerner KE, Brain U, Ryan D, Oberlander TF (2023) The role of parenting stress as a mediator in the relationship between postpartum depressive symptoms and early childhood internalizing behaviour. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-023-01596-9","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"2746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.061","volume":"305","author":"H Tainaka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tainaka H, Takahashi N, Nishimura T, Okumura A, Harada T, Iwabuchi T, Rahman MS et al (2022) Long-term effect of persistent postpartum depression on children\u2019s psychological problems in childhood. J Affect Disord 305:71\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.061","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01719-9","volume":"92","author":"M Yamada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamada M, Tanaka K, Arakawa M, Miyake Y (2022) Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms and risk of behavioral problems at five years. Pediatr Res 92(1):315\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01719-9","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2746_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2121667","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.21667","volume":"4","author":"M Orri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orri M, Besharati S, Ahun MN, Richter LM (2021) Analysis of maternal postnatal depression, socioeconomic factors, and offspring internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal cohort in South Africa. JAMA Netw Open 4(8):e2121667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.21667","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2746_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.055","volume":"318","author":"V Christaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Christaki V, Ismirnioglou I, Katrali A, Panagouli E, Tzila E, Thomaidis L, Psaltopoulou T et al (2022) Postpartum depression and ADHD in the offspring: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 318:314\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.055","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020659","volume":"46","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Henrich CC (2010) Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Dev Psychol 46(5):1159\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020659","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070174","volume":"19","author":"SK Sterba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sterba SK, Prinstein MJ, Cox MJ (2007) Trajectories of internalizing problems across childhood: Heterogeneity, external validity, and gender differences. Dev Psychopathol 19(2):345\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579407070174","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cl\u00e9ment M, Ahun MN, Orri M, Montreuil TC, St\u2010Andr\u00e9 M, Herba CM, Moullec G et al (2024) The interplay of maternal and paternal postpartum depressive symptoms with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms from childhood to adolescence: does socioeconomic status matter? A longitudinal cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.14051","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14051"},{"key":"2746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105364","volume":"157","author":"A Frigerio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frigerio A, Nazzari S (2021) Antenatal maternal anxiety, maternal sensitivity and toddlers\u2019 behavioral problems: An investigation of possible pathways. Early Hum Dev 157:105364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105364","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-024-01200-1","volume":"52","author":"C Matte-Gagn\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matte-Gagn\u00e9 C, Bernier A, Th\u00e9riault-Couture F, Taraulsy GM (2024) Paternal and maternal depressive symptoms and sensitivity: Links with trajectories of socioemotional problems in toddlerhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 52(8):1261\u20131273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-024-01200-1","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"2746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01115-9","volume":"12","author":"J Henrichs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henrichs J, Van Den Heuvel MI, Witteveen AB, Wilschut J, Van den Bergh BR (2021) Does mindful parenting mediate the association between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and child behavioral\/emotional problems? Mindfulness 12:370\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-019-01115-9","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"8","key":"2746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20856","volume":"28","author":"ED Barker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barker ED, Jaffee SR, Uher R, Maughan B (2011) The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depress Anxiety 28(8):696\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20856","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"2746_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000369","volume":"25","author":"C Glasheen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glasheen C, Richardson GA, Kim KH, Larkby CA, Swartz HA, Day NL (2013) Exposure to maternal pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms: risk for major depression, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorder in adolescent offspring. Dev Psychopathol 25(4 Pt 1):1045\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579413000369","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"2746_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941400100X","volume":"26","author":"KJ O'Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell KJ, Glover V, Holbrook JD, O\u2019Connor TG (2014) Maternal prenatal anxiety and child brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype: Effects on internalizing symptoms from 4 to 15 years of age. Dev Psychopathol 26(4 Pt 2):1255\u20131266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S095457941400100X","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2746_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000746","volume":"131","author":"TG O'Connor","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor TG, Ciesla AA, Sefair AV, Thornburg LL, Brown AS, Glover V, O\u2019Donnell KJ (2022) Maternal prenatal infection and anxiety predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in middle childhood. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 131(4):422\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000746","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"2746_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104797","volume":"120","author":"S Shao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shao S, Wang J, Huang K, Wang S, Liu H, Wan S, Yan S et al (2020) Prenatal pregnancy-related anxiety predicts boys\u2019 ADHD symptoms via placental C-reactive protein. Psychoneuroendocrinology 120:104797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104797","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2746_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031120","volume":"12","author":"KA Kallas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kallas KA, Marr K, Moirangthem S, Heude B, Koehl M, van der Waerden J, Downes N (2023) Maternal mental health care matters: The impact of prenatal depressive and anxious symptoms on child emotional and behavioural trajectories in the French EDEN cohort. J Clin Med 12(3):1120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12031120","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2746_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579414000029","volume":"26","author":"KJ O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell KJ, Glover V, Barker ED, O\u2019Connor TG (2014) The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 26(2):393\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579414000029","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2746_CR36","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ (1970) The Structure of Human Personality (3rd ed.). Methuen"},{"key":"2746_CR37","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG (1976) Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. Hodder & Stoughton"},{"issue":"8","key":"2746_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0636-0","volume":"48","author":"K Koutra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koutra K, Chatzi L, Bagkeris E, Vassilaki M, Bitsios P, Kogevinas M (2013) Antenatal and postnatal maternal mental health as determinants of infant neurodevelopment at 18 months of age: Rhea Cohort Study, Crete, Greece. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48(8):1335\u20131345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0636-0","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR39","first-page":"99","volume":"7","author":"Z Khanjani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khanjani Z, Hadavand-Khani F (2012) Relationship between maternal personality dimensions with girls externalizing and internalizing disorders. Contemp Psychol 7(1):99\u2013108","journal-title":"Contemp Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2746_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61402-7","volume":"2","author":"G Kolaitis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolaitis G, Giannakopoulos G (2015) Mental health services in Greece and the impact of the financial crisis. Lancet Psychiatry 2(5):413\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61402-7","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764018754737","volume":"64","author":"A Paleologou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paleologou A, Kalogerakou S, Vassilakou D (2018) The effects of the 2008 economic recession on adolescent mental health in Greece. Int J Soc Psychiatry 64(1):23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020764018754737","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2746_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-022-02199-4","volume":"31","author":"E Maglara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maglara E, Pashalia S, Kasparian M (2022) Parental mental health and child well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. J Child Fam Stud 31(8):2136\u20132144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-022-02199-4","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"2746_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0758-z","volume":"49","author":"K Koutra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koutra K, Vassilaki M, Georgiou V, Koutis A, Bitsios P, Chatzi L, Kogevinas M (2014) Antenatal maternal mental health as determinant of postpartum depression in a population based mother\u2013child cohort (Rhea Study) in Crete, Greece. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49:711\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-013-0758-z","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2746_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.11.006","volume":"28","author":"L Chatzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chatzi L, Koutra K, Vassilaki M, Vardiampasis A, Georgiou V, Koutis A, Lionis C et al (2013) Maternal personality traits and risk of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Eur Psychiatry 28(4):213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.11.006","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2746_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx084","volume":"46","author":"L Chatzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chatzi L, Leventakou V, Vafeiadi M, Koutra K, Roumeliotaki T, Chalkiadaki G, Karachaliou M et al (2017) Cohort profile: The Mother-Child Cohort in Crete, Greece (Rhea Study). Int J Epidemiol 46(5):1392\u20131393k. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyx084","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2746_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","volume":"150","author":"JL Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (1987) Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 150(6):782\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2746_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.044","volume":"176","author":"Z Kozinszky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kozinszky Z, Dudas RB (2015) Validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for the antenatal period. J Affect Disord 176:95\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.044","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2746_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4022","volume":"371","author":"Levis B, Negeri Z, Sun Y, Benedetti A, Thombs BD, DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) EPDS Group","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levis B, Negeri Z, Sun Y, Benedetti A, Thombs BD, DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) EPDS Group (2020) Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 371:m4022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m4022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830802004909","volume":"27","author":"AA Leonardou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leonardou AA, Zervas YM, Papageorgiou CC, Marks MN, Tsartsara EC, Antsaklis A, Christodoulou N et al (2009) Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and prevalence of postnatal depression at two months postpartum in a sample of Greek mothers. J Reprod Infant Psychol 27(1):28\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02646830802004909","journal-title":"J Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"key":"2746_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-329","volume":"9","author":"VG Vivilaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vivilaki VG, Dafermos V, Kogevinas M, Bitsios P, Lionis C (2009) The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: translation and validation for a Greek sample. BMC Public Health 9:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-329","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2746_CR51","unstructured":"Spielberger CD, Gorsuch R, Lushene R, Vagg P, Jacobs G (1983) Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists, Palo Alto, California"},{"key":"2746_CR52","first-page":"71","volume":"21","author":"A Liakos","year":"1984","unstructured":"Liakos A, Giannitsi S (1984) Reliability and validity of the modified Greek version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Encephalos 21:71\u201376","journal-title":"Encephalos"},{"key":"2746_CR53","volume-title":"Manual of the Eysenck personality scales (EPS Adult): Comprising the EPQ-Revised (EPQ-R), EPQ-R Short Scale, Impulsiveness (IVE) Questionnaire","author":"HJ Eysenck","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG (1991) Manual of the Eysenck personality scales (EPS Adult): Comprising the EPQ-Revised (EPQ-R), EPQ-R Short Scale, Impulsiveness (IVE) Questionnaire. Hodder & Stoughton, London"},{"issue":"24","key":"2746_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","volume":"25","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB (2000) Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 25(24):3186\u20133191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2746_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38(5):581\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2746_CR56","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C (1991) Manual for the child behavior checklist. The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT"},{"issue":"4","key":"2746_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.12681\/psy_hps.24129","volume":"8","author":"I Bibou-Nakou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bibou-Nakou I, Kiosseoglou G, Stogiannidou A (2001) Strengths and difficulties of school-aged children in the family and school context. Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 8(4):506\u2013525","journal-title":"Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"2746_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050125","volume":"8","author":"A Roussos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roussos A, Karantanos G, Richardson C, Hartman C, Karajiannis D, Kyprianos S, Lazaratou H et al (1999) Achenbach\u2019s child behavior checklist and teachers\u2019 report form in a normative sample of Greek children 6\u201312 years old. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8(3):165\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007870050125","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2746_CR59","unstructured":"Gilliam JE (1995) Examiners manual for the attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder test: A method for identifying individuals with ADHD. TX: pro-Ed, Austin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2746_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022602400621","volume":"26","author":"CK Conners","year":"1998","unstructured":"Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN (1998) The revised Conners\u2019 Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 26(4):257\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022602400621","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"2746_CR61","first-page":"102","volume-title":"The psychometric instruments in Greece","author":"Maniadaki K, Kakouros E (2002) Translation and adaptation of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder test (ADHDT; Giliam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maniadaki K, Kakouros E (2002) Translation and adaptation of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder test (ADHDT; Giliam (1995). In: Stalikas A, Triliva S, Roussi P (eds) The psychometric instruments in Greece. Ellinika Grammata, Athens, pp 102\u2013103"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419887184","volume":"29","author":"A Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss A, Deary IJ (2020) A new look at Neuroticism: Should we worry so much about worrying? Curr Dir Psychol Sci 29(1):92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721419887184","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2746_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.97.408.441","volume":"97","author":"HJ Eysenck","year":"1951","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ, Prell DB (1951) The inheritance of neuroticism: An experimental study. J Ment Sci 97:441\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.97.408.441","journal-title":"J Ment Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2746_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9718","DOI":"10.53555\/kuey.v30i5.4644","volume":"30","author":"T Agarwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agarwal T, Dhenwal S (2024) Investigating The relationship of parenting styles with neuroticism and perfectionism. Educ Adm: Theory Pract 30(5):9718\u20139730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53555\/kuey.v30i5.4644","journal-title":"Educ Adm: Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-017-9757-7","volume":"39","author":"R Marcone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marcone R, Affuso G, Borrone A (2020) Parenting styles and children\u2019s internalizing-externalizing behavior: The mediating role of behavioral regulation. Curr Psychol 39(1):13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-017-9757-7","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2746_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092421","volume":"10","author":"L Cao-Lei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao-Lei L, van den Heuvel MI, Huse K, Platzer M, Elgbeili G, Braeken MAKA, Otte RA et al (2021) Epigenetic modifications associated with maternal anxiety during pregnancy and children\u2019s behavioral measures. Cells 10(9):2421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10092421","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"2746_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12782","volume":"59","author":"ED Barker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barker ED, Walton E, Cecil CA (2018) Annual Research Review: DNA methylation as a mediator in the association between risk exposure and child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 59(4):303\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12782","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"36","key":"2746_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6969","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0481-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"RE Hay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hay RE, Reynolds JE, Grohs MN, Paniukov D, Giesbrecht GF, Letourneau N, Dewey D et al (2020) Amygdala-prefrontal structural connectivity mediates the relationship between prenatal depression and behavior in preschool boys. J Neurosci 40(36):6969\u20136977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0481-20.2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2746_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007","volume":"29","author":"BR Van den Bergh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, Glover V (2005) Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29(2):237\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2746_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-003-0007-7","volume":"6","author":"L Murray","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murray L, Cooper P, Hipwell A (2003) Mental health of parents caring for infants. Arch Women\u2019s Ment Health 6(Suppl 2):S71-77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-003-0007-7","journal-title":"Arch Women\u2019s Ment Health"},{"key":"2746_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01912","volume":"7","author":"H Tissot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tissot H, Favez N, Frascarolo F, Despland JN (2016) Coparenting behaviors as mediators between postpartum parental depressive symptoms and toddler\u2019s symptoms. Front Psychol 7:1912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01912","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2746_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2022.102245","volume":"78","author":"S von Hinke","year":"2022","unstructured":"von Hinke S, Rice N, Tominey E (2022) Mental health around pregnancy and child development from early childhood to adolescence. Labour Econ 78:102245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.labeco.2022.102245","journal-title":"Labour Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2746_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.009","volume":"37","author":"JP Farley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farley JP, Kim-Spoon J (2014) The development of adolescent self-regulation: Reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships. J Adolesc 37(4):433\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.009","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"2746_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976404","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.976404","volume":"13","author":"N Lyyra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyyra N, Junttila N, Gustafsson J, Lahti H, Paakkari L (2022) Adolescents\u2019 online communication and well-being: Findings from the 2018 health behavior in school-aged children (HBSC) study. Front Psychiatry 13:976404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.976404","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2746_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493519864742","volume":"24","author":"NACF Rocha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rocha NACF, Dos Santos Silva FP, Dos Santos MM, Dusing SC (2020) Impact of mother-infant interaction on development during the first year of life: A systematic review. J Child Health Care 24(3):365\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1367493519864742","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"key":"2746_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022658222914","volume":"27","author":"R Goodman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goodman R, Scott S (1999) Comparing the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: Is small beautiful? J Abnorm Child Psychol 27:17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022658222914","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2746_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31827623b1","volume":"24","author":"LD Howe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howe LD, Tilling K, Galobardes B, Lawlor DA (2013) Loss to follow-up in cohort studies: bias in estimates of socioeconomic inequalities. Epidemiology 24(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31827623b1","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02746-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02746-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02746-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:27:45Z","timestamp":1762421265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02746-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02746-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}