{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:27:31Z","timestamp":1786980451220,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically experience social interaction problems. Neurocognitive functions, such as working memory and inhibitory control have been included in several studies of social problems in ADHD, with inconsistent findings emerging. Intraindividual reaction time variability (RTV) has been understudied as a factor explaining social problems in children with ADHD, despite being one of the most consistent cognitive impairments in the disorder. In the current study, we hypothesized that greater RTV would relate to greater parent-reported social problems and may reflect the negative impact of attentional fluctuations on social interactions in ADHD. We tested the association between RTV and social problems while accounting for the effects of working memory and inhibitory control in two independent samples of children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) peers. The neurocognitive functions were assessed through performance-based laboratory measures. Sample one, derived in Norway, included 41 children with ADHD and 35 TD children. Sample two, derived in the United States, included 73 children with ADHD and 26 TD children. Linear regression analyses, controlling for other relevant variables, indicated that greater RTV was associated with greater social problems across both samples. Our results support the view that attentional variability is linked to social problems in children with ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02787-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:05:27Z","timestamp":1750053927000},"page":"3843-3852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The association between reaction time variability and social problems in children with ADHD: support for the role of attentional fluctuations in social interactions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Munch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berge","family":"Osnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Peisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Eichele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Kvadsheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wollschlaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin J.","family":"Plessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2787_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1266644","volume":"47","author":"R Ros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ros R, Graziano PA (2018) Social functioning in children with or at risk for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 47(2):213\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2016.1266644","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57041-x","volume":"14","author":"L S\u00f8rensen","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen L et al (2024) Suboptimal decision making and interpersonal problems in ADHD: longitudinal evidence from a laboratory task. Sci Rep 14(1):6535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-57041-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.17.1.50","volume":"17","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Friedman SR et al (2003) Aspects of social and emotional competence in adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 17(1):50\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.17.1.50","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2787_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.411","volume":"73","author":"B Hoza","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoza B et al (2005) What aspects of peer relationships are impaired in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder? J Consult Clin Psychol 73:411\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.411","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2787_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.758","volume":"65","author":"RW Greene","year":"1997","unstructured":"Greene RW et al (1997) Adolescent outcome of boys with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and social disability: results from a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:758\u2013767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.758","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2787_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9610-2","volume":"40","author":"S Mrug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mrug S et al (2012) Peer rejection and friendships in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: contributions to long-term outcomes. J Abnorm Psychol 40(6):1013\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9610-2","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2787_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9649-7","volume":"40","author":"PA Aduen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aduen PA et al (2018) Social problems in ADHD: is it a skills acquisition or performance problem? J Psychopathol Behav Assess 40(3):440\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-018-9649-7","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"2787_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.06.001","volume":"33","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kofler MJ et al (2013) Reaction time variability in ADHD: a meta-analytic review of 319 studies. Clin Psychol Rev 33(6):795\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.06.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2787_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2011_145","volume":"9","author":"J Kuntsi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuntsi J, Klein C (2012) Intraindividual variability in ADHD and its implications for research of causal links. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 9:67\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2011_145","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2787_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0138-5","volume":"9","author":"L Tamm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamm L et al (2012) Reaction time variability in ADHD: a review. Neurotherapeutics 9(3):500\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-012-0138-5","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2787_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx055","volume":"33","author":"MA Pievsky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pievsky MA, McGrath RE (2018) The neurocognitive profile of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a review of meta-analyses. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 33(2):143\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acx055","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2787_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000416","volume":"32","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kofler MJ et al (2018) Neurocognitive and behavioral predictors of social problems in ADHD: a bayesian framework. Neuropsychology 32:344\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000416","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2787_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.023","volume":"86","author":"NP Friedman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friedman NP, Miyake A (2017) Unity and diversity of executive functions: individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex 86:186\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9902-9","volume":"43","author":"N Bunford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bunford N et al (2015) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms mediate the association between deficits in executive functioning and social impairment in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 43(1):133\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-014-9902-9","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2787_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.02.010","volume":"35","author":"HL Chiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chiang HL, Gau SSF (2014) Impact of executive functions on school and peer functions in youths with ADHD. Res Dev Disabil 35(5):963\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.02.010","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"2787_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1205010","volume":"23","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kofler MJ et al (2017) Heterogeneity in ADHD: neurocognitive predictors of peer, family, and academic functioning. Child Neuropsychol 23(6):733\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297049.2016.1205010","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2787_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.03.002","volume":"115","author":"JD McQuade","year":"2013","unstructured":"McQuade JD et al (2013) Working memory and social functioning in children. J Exp Child Psychol 115(3):422\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.03.002","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2787_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12072","volume":"54","author":"WL Tseng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tseng WL, Gau SS (2013) Executive function as a mediator in the link between attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and social problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(9):996\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12072","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2787_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9492-8","volume":"39","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kofler MJ et al (2011) Working memory deficits and social problems in children with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 39(6):805\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-011-9492-8","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2787_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2010.544649","volume":"17","author":"JR Rinsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rinsky JR, Hinshaw SP (2011) Linkages between childhood executive functioning and adolescent social functioning and psychopathology in girls with ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 17(4):368\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297049.2010.544649","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2787_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2014.886691","volume":"39","author":"D Sj\u00f6wall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6wall D, Thorell LB (2014) Functional impairments in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the mediating role of neuropsychological functioning. Dev Neuropsychol 39(3):187\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565641.2014.886691","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2787_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.005","volume":"57","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castellanos FX et al (2005) Varieties of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder-related intra-individual variability. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1416\u20131423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2787_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2018.1523379","volume":"25","author":"L Tamm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamm L, Epstein JN, Becker SP (2019) A preliminary investigation of reaction time variability in relation to social functioning in children evaluated for ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 25(7):885\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297049.2018.1523379","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2787_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen L, Sonuga-Barke E, Eichele H, van Wageningen H, Wollschlaeger D, Plessen KJ (2017) Suboptimal decisionmaking by children with ADHD in the face of risk: Poor risk adjustment and delay aversionrather than general proneness to taking risks. Neuropsychol 31(2):119\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000297","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000297"},{"issue":"7","key":"2787_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00016","volume":"39","author":"PJ Ambrosini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ambrosini PJ (2000) Historical development and present status of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children (K-SADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(1):49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2787_CR27","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children fourth edition (WISC-IV)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2003) Wechsler intelligence scale for children fourth edition (WISC-IV). Pearson Assessment, Stockholm"},{"issue":"6","key":"2787_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012","volume":"33","author":"J Endicott","year":"1976","unstructured":"Endicott J et al (1976) The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33(6):766\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2787_CR29","volume-title":"ADHD rating scale\u2014IV: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation","author":"GJ DuPaul","year":"1998","unstructured":"DuPaul GJ et al (1998) ADHD rating scale\u2014IV: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. The Guilford Press, New York, NY"},{"key":"2787_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u00f6pfner M et al (2006) Cross-cultural reliability and validity of ADHD assessed by the ADHD rating scale in a pan-European study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15 Suppl 1I46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-006-1007-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-1007-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"2787_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.7","volume":"14","author":"S Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang S et al (2005) ADHD rating scale IV: psychometric properties from a multinational study as a clinician-administered instrument. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 14(4):186\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.7","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2787_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH (2001) Delis-Kaplan executive function system (D\u2013KEFS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t15082-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t15082-000"},{"issue":"6","key":"2787_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.855716","volume":"20","author":"L S\u00f8rensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen L et al (2014) The specificity of the Stroop interference score of errors to ADHD in boys. Child Neuropsychol 20(6):677\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297049.2013.855716","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2787_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.07.001","volume":"32","author":"LJ Kasper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kasper LJ, Alderson RM, Hudec KL (2012) Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 32(7):605\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.07.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2787_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2008.11.005","volume":"37","author":"JT Shelton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shelton JT et al (2009) A comparison of laboratory and clinical working memory tests and their prediction of fluid intelligence. Intelligence 37(3):283\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2008.11.005","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2787_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00019-6","volume":"104","author":"C Leth-Steensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leth-Steensen C, King Elbaz Z, Douglas VI (2000) Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: a response time distributional approach. Acta Psychol (Amst) 104(2):167\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00019-6","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"2787_CR37","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA (2001) Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth and Families, Burlington, VT"},{"key":"2787_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnett AB, Peisch V, Levin AR (2022) The role of aperiodic spectral slope in event-related potentials and cognition among children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurophysiol 128(6):1546\u20131554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00295.2022","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00295.2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"2787_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1471","volume":"1","author":"G Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu G et al (2018) Twenty-year trends in diagnosed attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among US children and adolescents, 1997\u20132016. JAMA Netw Open 1(4):e181471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1471","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2787_CR40","volume-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence\u2013second edition","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2011) Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence\u2013second edition. Pearson, San Antonio, TX"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR41","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"JM Swanson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swanson JM et al (2012) Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: history of the SNAP and the SWAN rating scales. Int J Educ Psychol Assess 10(1):51\u201370","journal-title":"Int J Educ Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2787_CR42","volume-title":"Technical and interpretive manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2014) Technical and interpretive manual. Pearson, Bloomington, MN"},{"key":"2787_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnett AB, Rhoads C, Rutter TM (2022) Reduced error recognition explains post-error slowing differences among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 28(8):810\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617721001065","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721001065"},{"key":"2787_CR44","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023) A language and environment for statistical computing. Available from: http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/index.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"2787_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617722000431","volume":"29","author":"JN Epstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Epstein JN et al (2023) Examining reaction time variability on the stop-signal task in the ABCD study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 29(5):492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617722000431","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.1.74","volume":"115","author":"NR Crick","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crick NR, Dodge KA (1994) A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children\u2019s social adjustment. Psychol Bull 115(1):74\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.115.1.74","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2787_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000598","volume":"34","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kofler MJ et al (2020) Working memory and information processing in ADHD: evidence for directionality of effects. Neuropsychology 34(2):127\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000598","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2787_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.10.024","volume":"72","author":"EL Wells","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wells EL et al (2018) Assessing working memory in children with ADHD: minor administration and scoring changes May improve digit span backward\u2019s construct validity. Res Dev Disabil 72:166\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.10.024","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"2787_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710370567","volume":"15","author":"AD Anastopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anastopoulos AD et al (2011) Self-regulation of emotion, functional impairment, and comorbidity among children with AD\/HD. J Atten Disord 15(7):583\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054710370567","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2787_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01846","volume":"9","author":"DA Jensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jensen DA et al (2018) Keeping emotions in mind: the influence of working memory capacity on parent-reported symptoms of emotional lability in a sample of children with and without ADHD. Front Psychol 9:1824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01846","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2787_CR51","volume-title":"Working memory","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baddeley A (1986) Working memory. Clarendon Press\/Oxford University, New York, NY"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411429458","volume":"21","author":"A Miyake","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miyake A, Friedman NP (2012) The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21(1):8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721411429458","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2787_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718000545","volume":"49","author":"L Schweren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schweren L et al (2019) Long-term effects of stimulant treatment on ADHD symptoms, social\u2013emotional functioning, and cognition. Psychol Med 49(2):217\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718000545","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3401_7","volume":"34","author":"B Hoza","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoza B et al (2005) Peer-assessed outcomes in the multimodal treatment study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 34(1):74\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3401_7","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00526-2","volume":"16","author":"S Alkalay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alkalay S, Dan O (2022) Effect of short-term methylphenidate on social impairment in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 16(1):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-022-00526-2","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2787_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479600100102","volume":"1","author":"DA Granger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Granger DA et al (1996) ADHD boys\u2019 behavior during structured classroom social activities: effects of social demands, teacher proximity, and methylphenidate. J Atten Disord 1(1):16\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/108705479600100102","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2787_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511977244.021","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of intelligence","author":"ARA Conway","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conway ARA et al (2011) Working memory and intelligence. In: Sternberg RJ, Kaufman SB (eds) The Cambridge handbook of intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 394\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511977244.021"},{"key":"2787_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090481","volume":"15","author":"M Dennis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dennis M et al (2009) Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 15:331\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617709090481","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2787_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0850-2","volume":"19","author":"AY Mikami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mikami AY, Smit S, Khalis A (2017) Social skills training and ADHD\u2014what works? Curr Psychiatry Rep 19(12):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-017-0850-2","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2787_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.12.005","volume":"68","author":"AY Mikami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mikami AY, Miller M, Lerner MD (2019) Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: transdiagnostic commonalities and differences. Clin Psychol Rev 68:54\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.12.005","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02787-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02787-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02787-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T12:21:06Z","timestamp":1766751666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02787-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02787-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Kerstin von Plessen is serving as co-editor in European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}