{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:11:01Z","timestamp":1790201461759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stichting de Merel"},{"name":"Smarter Choices for Better Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Objective: The Youth Act, implemented by the Dutch government in 2015, aimed to provide more efficient, coherent, and cost-effective care tailored to the specific needs of children, while also reducing medicalization. Between 2003 and 2013, there was a four-fold increase in methylphenidate prescriptions among Dutch children aged 4 to 18 years. However, the impact of the Youth Act on the ADHD medication dispensing remains unassessed. This study investigated changes in ADHD medication dispensing patterns among Dutch youth following the implementation of the Youth Act. Method: A before-after retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Dutch community pharmacy-based IADB.nl database among 137,684 youths aged 0\u201319 years using ADHD medication between 2010 and 2022. Results: A significant decrease in overall ADHD medication dispensing prevalence rates per thousand youths was observed in 2022 compared to 2015 (35.2 vs. 45.7,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Methylphenidate accounted for approximately 87% of all ADHD medication dispensing. Incidence rates decreased significantly among children aged 7\u201312 from 2015 to 2022 (9 vs. 7.3,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while incidence rates increased significantly in adolescent youths (4 vs. 4.8,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008), particularly among adolescent females (3.5 vs. 5.3,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Females had lower prevalence rates and shorter durations of ADHD medication use compared to males, with no difference in daily dose observed. Conclusion: ADHD medication dispensing among Dutch youth declined following the 2015 implementation of the Youth Act. However, other factors such as the DSM-5 revision, COVID-19, and medication shortages likely contributed to this decrease, suggesting a multifactorial explanation for the observed changes in ADHD medication dispensing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02791-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T05:10:20Z","timestamp":1750655420000},"page":"3899-3909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["ADHD medication dispensing trends in Dutch youth before and after the implementation of the Youth Act (2010\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa T.","family":"Ringeling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6603-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarushi","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8389-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravish N.","family":"Gangapersad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9209-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens H. J.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda C. M.","family":"de Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0849-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eelko","family":"Hak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon H. J.","family":"Hillegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit C. P.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8527-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina C. M.","family":"Schuiling-Veninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5045-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram","family":"Dierckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2791_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2791_CR2","unstructured":"Federatie Medisch Specialisten (2018) ADHD bij kinderen. Richtlijnendatabase https:\/\/richtlijnendatabase.nl\/richtlijn\/adhd_bij_kinderen\/medicamenteuze_behandeling_adhd_bij_kinderen.html Accessed May 2023"},{"issue":"17","key":"2791_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420","volume":"7","author":"S Gnanavel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gnanavel S, Sharma P, Kaushal P, Hussain S (2019) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature. World J Clin Cases 7(17):2420\u20132426","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2791_CR4","unstructured":"Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (2023) Herhalen specialistische medicatie [Refill specialist medication]. https:\/\/richtlijnen.nhg.org\/medisch-inhoudelijke-nhg-standpunten\/herhalen-specialistische-medicatie Accessed Feb 2024"},{"key":"2791_CR5","unstructured":"Bosscher N (2014) The decentralisation and transformation of the Dutch youth care system. NJI"},{"key":"2791_CR6","unstructured":"Friele RD, Bruning MR, Bastiaanssen ILW, Boer Rd, Bucx AJEH, Groot, JFd et al (2018) Eerste evaluatie Jeugdwet: na de transitie nu de transformatie [First evaluation of Youth Act: after the transition now the transformation]. ZonMw.:15\u2013\u20096"},{"key":"2791_CR7","unstructured":"Stijntjes F, Hassink-Franke L, Kruishoop A, Beeres MPJ, Eekhof H, van Manen S et al (2014) ADHD bij kinderen [ADHD in children]. https:\/\/richtlijnen.nhg.org\/standaarden\/adhd-bij-kinderen Accessed July 2023"},{"key":"2791_CR8","unstructured":"Stichting Farmaceutische Kerngetallen (2013) Psychofarmaca bij jongeren vooral voor ADHD [Psychotropic medication in young people mainly prescribed for ADHD]. https:\/\/www.sfk.nl\/publicatie\/2013\/pw-artikel\/psychofarmaca-bij-jongeren-vooral-voor-adhd Accessed June 2023"},{"key":"2791_CR9","unstructured":"Gezondheidsraad ADHD (2014) Medicatie en maatschappij [ADHD: Medication and Society]. Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad.:45"},{"issue":"2","key":"2791_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","volume":"5","author":"K Sayal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D (2018) ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry 5(2):175\u2013186","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2791_CR11","unstructured":"van Dalfsen M, Tarrahi F, de Valk V, van den Berk M, Lambooij A, Stroo M (2022) Voorschrijven Van ADHD-medicatie in Beeld [A closer look at ADHD medication prescribing]. Instituut Verantwoord Medicijngebruik.:7\u201310"},{"key":"2791_CR12","unstructured":"IADB.nl (2023) IADB Drug use research. https:\/\/www.iadb.nl\/ Accessed June"},{"issue":"3","key":"2791_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.13.20","volume":"13","author":"ST Visser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Visser ST, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos JH, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Postma MJ (2013) The population-based prescription database iadb.nl: its development, usefulness in outcomes research and challenges. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 13(3):285\u2013292","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"2791_CR14","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (2023) ATC classifcation index with DDDs. https:\/\/atcddd.fhi.no\/atc_ddd_index\/ Accessed June 2023"},{"key":"2791_CR15","first-page":"D1660","volume":"161","author":"L van der Koog","year":"2017","unstructured":"van der Koog L, van der Schans J, Tjioe MA, Bos JHJ, Bijker BJ, Hak E, Schuiling-Veninga CCM (2017) Stijgende Lijn in Het Gebruik Van psychostimulantia door Volwassenen [Upward trend in the use of psychostimulants by adults]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 161:D1660","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"2791_CR16","unstructured":"Jeugdinstituut N (2022) Cijfers over ADHD [Figures about ADHD]. https:\/\/www.nji.nl\/cijfers\/adhd#%3A~%3Atext%3D5%2C3%20procent%20van%20de%2Czegt%205%2C8%20procent%20dit Accessed June 2023"},{"key":"2791_CR17","unstructured":"Stichting Farmaceutische Kerngetallen (2022) Groei volwassen gebruikers methylfenidaat zet door [Growth in adult methylphenidate use continues]. https:\/\/www.sfk.nl\/publicatie\/2013\/pw-artikel\/psychofarmaca-bij-jongeren-vooral-voor-adhd Accessed June 2023"},{"key":"2791_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S6733","volume":"5","author":"BJ Cowles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cowles BJ (2009) Update on the management of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: patient considerations and the role of Lisdexamfetamine. Ther Clin Risk Manag 5:943\u2013948","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"2791_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.13.59","volume":"3","author":"JN Epstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epstein JN, Loren RE (2013) Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: subtle but important. Neuropsychiatry (London) 3(5):455\u2013458","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry (London)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2791_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05505-9","volume":"24","author":"S Gimbach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gimbach S, Vogel D, Fried R, Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J et al (2024) ADHD medicine consumption in Europe after COVID-19: catch-up or trend change? BMC Psychiatry 24(1):112","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2791_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02340-3","volume":"33","author":"RN Gangapersad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gangapersad RN, Zhou G, Garcia-Gomez P, Bos J, Hak E, Koch BCP et al (2024) Comparison of antipsychotic drug use in children and adolescents in the Netherlands before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33(8):2695\u20132703","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2791_CR22","unstructured":"KNMP - Apothekersorganisatie (2023) Cijfers geneesmiddelentekorten [Figures drug shortages]. https:\/\/www.knmp.nl\/dossiers\/geneesmiddelentekorten\/cijfers-geneesmiddelentekorten Accessed July 2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"2791_CR23","first-page":"467","volume":"119","author":"E Abdelnour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelnour E, Jansen MO, Gold JA (2022) ADHD diagnostic trends: increased recognition or overdiagnosis?? Mo Med 119(5):467\u2013473","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2791_CR24","first-page":"e1","volume":"16","author":"Y Ginsberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP (2014) Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 16(3):e1\u20138","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2791_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711416909","volume":"16","author":"NL Nussbaum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nussbaum NL (2012) ADHD and female specific concerns: a review of the literature and clinical implications. J Atten Disord 16(2):87\u2013100","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2791_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.01.006","volume":"33","author":"JJ Rucklidge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rucklidge JJ (2010) Gender differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 33(2):357\u2013373","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"2791_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13544","volume":"84","author":"V Pauly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pauly V, Frauger E, Lepelley M, Mallaret M, Boucherie Q, Micallef J (2018) Patterns and profiles of methylphenidate use both in children and adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol 84(6):1215\u20131227","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2791_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01607.x","volume":"123","author":"H Zo\u00ebga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zo\u00ebga H, Furu K, Halld\u00f3rsson M, Thomsen PH, Sourander A, Martikainen JE (2011) Use of ADHD drugs in the nordic countries: a population-based comparison study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 123(5):360\u2013367","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"2791_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1211-3","volume":"28","author":"FD Mowlem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mowlem FD, Rosenqvist MA, Martin J, Lichtenstein P, Asherson P, Larsson H (2019) Sex differences in predicting ADHD clinical diagnosis and Pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(4):481\u2013489","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2791_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000477","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000477","volume":"2","author":"H Knopf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knopf H, H\u00f6lling H, Huss M, Schlack R (2012) Prevalence, determinants and spectrum of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication of children and adolescents in germany: results of the German health interview and examination survey (KiGGS). BMJ Open 2(6):e000477","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2791_CR31","unstructured":"van der Horst M, Bilderbeek B, van Gelder N, de Jonge M (2022) Oneigenlijk gebruik van ADHD-medicatie [Improper use of ADHD medication]. https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/aanbod\/webwinkel\/af1717-oneigenlijkgebruik-van-adhd-medicatie\/ Accessed June 2023"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02791-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02791-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02791-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T12:21:04Z","timestamp":1766751664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02791-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02791-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study database IADB.nl comprises of the de-identified records and data are collected in accordance with the national and European guidelines on privacy requirements (GDPR) for handling human data. Therefore, approval of the medical ethics committee was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}