{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:08:06Z","timestamp":1790788086791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017590","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Off-label treatment of a 17-year-old female patient with anorexia nervosa (AN), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) with human recombinant leptin (metreleptin) for two dosing periods of 15 and seven days was associated with self- and clinician-rated improvements of eating disorder related psychopathology, OCD, depression, and NSSI. These intermittent improvements occurred despite the patient having high endogenous serum leptin levels ranging up to the 99th centile adjusted for sex, Tanner stage and body mass index (BMI; kg\/m\u00b2) upon initiation of dosing. The results further extend the hypothesized effects of metreleptin on AN and comorbid psychopathology to patients with adjusted leptin levels in the normal to high range. We hypothesize that for unknown reasons the clinical symptomatology of a subgroup of patients with AN persists despite attainment of endogenous leptin levels well above those characteristic of the state of starvation, potentially entailing a prolonged entrapment in the eating disorder. An insight into the mechanisms underlying this distinct type of leptin resistance may help to promote recovery of such affected patients. Placebo controlled randomized clinical trials are required to assess if and to what extent short and medium term metreleptin treatment indeed improves recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02809-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T01:16:37Z","timestamp":1751678197000},"page":"3307-3315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case report: Metreleptin rapidly improved anorexia nervosa related and comorbid psychopathology in a patient with high endogenous leptin levels adjusted for body mass index"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jochen","family":"Antel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertraud","family":"Gradl-Dietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triinu","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Pridzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"von Piechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Hinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hebebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8341","volume":"105","author":"M Aizawa-Abe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aizawa-Abe M, Ogawa Y, Masuzaki H, Ebihara K, Satoh N, Iwai H, Matsuoka N, Hayashi T, Hosoda K, Inoue G, Yoshimasa Y, Nakao K (2000) Pathophysiological role of leptin in obesity-related hypertension. J Clin Invest 105:1243\u20131252","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2809_CR2","unstructured":"American P, Association, [APA] (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA"},{"key":"2809_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01778-7","volume":"31","author":"J Antel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antel J, Tan S, Grabler M, Ludwig C, Lohkemper D, Brandenburg T, Barth N, Hinney A, Libuda L, Remy M, Milos G, Hebebrand J (2022) Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:1573\u20131579","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00446-1","volume":"16","author":"S Arnold","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arnold S, Wiese A, Zaid S, Correll CU, Jaite C (2022) Lifetime prevalence and clinical correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth inpatients with eating disorders: a retrospective chart review. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 16:17","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"2809_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000478","volume":"4","author":"A Ballauff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ballauff A, Ziegler A, Emons G, Sturm G, Blum WF, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J (1999) Serum leptin and gonadotropin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa during weight gain. Mol Psychiatry 4:71\u201375","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR6","first-page":"2904","volume":"82","author":"WF Blum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blum WF, Englaro P, Hanitsch S, Juul A, Hertel NT, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE, Heiman ML, Birkett M, Attanasio AM, Kiess W, Rascher W (1997) Plasma leptin levels in healthy children and adolescents: dependence on body mass index, body fat mass, gender, pubertal stage, and testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2904\u20132910","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2809_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1589-1","volume":"60","author":"RJ Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown RJ, Oral EA, Cochran E, Ara\u00fajo-Vilar D, Savage DB, Long A, Fine G, Salinardi T, Gorden P (2018) Long-term effectiveness and safety of metreleptin in the treatment of patients with generalized lipodystrophy. Endocrine 60:479\u2013489","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2809_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.4103\/apc.apc_258_20","volume":"14","author":"J Burns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burns J, Shank C, Ganigara M, Saldanha N, Dhar A (2021) Cardiac complications of malnutrition in adolescent patients: A narrative review of contemporary literature. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 14:501\u2013506","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2809_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001270","volume":"45","author":"KS Button","year":"2015","unstructured":"Button KS, Kounali D, Thomas L, Wiles NJ, Peters TJ, Welton NJ, Ades AE, Lewis G (2015) Minimal clinically important difference on the Beck depression Inventory\u2013II according to the patient\u2019s perspective. Psychol Med 45:3269\u20133279","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2809_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.3.936","volume":"37","author":"ML Correia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Correia ML, Morgan DA, Sivitz WI, Mark AL, Haynes WG (2001) Leptin acts in the central nervous system to produce dose-dependent changes in arterial pressure. Hypertension 37:936\u2013942","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2809_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.035","volume":"141","author":"DH Drakes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drakes DH, Fawcett EJ, Rose JP, Carter-Major JC, Fawcett JM (2021) Comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders: an epidemiological meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 141:176\u2013191","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2809_CR12","unstructured":"EMA (2018) MYALEPTA-SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. In: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/myalepta-epar-product-information_en.pdf"},{"key":"2809_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000771","volume":"5","author":"C Exner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Exner C, Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H, Wewetzer C, Ziegler A, Herpertz S, Schweiger U, Blum WF, Preibisch G, Heldmaier G, Klingenspor M (2000) Leptin suppresses semi-starvation induced hyperactivity in rats: implications for anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 5:476\u2013481","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR14","volume-title":"SUMMARY REVIEW for regulatory action; myalept; application number 125390Orig1s000","author":"FDA","year":"2014","unstructured":"FDA (2014) E.A. RESEARCH. In: Administration FD (ed) SUMMARY REVIEW for regulatory action; myalept; application number 125390Orig1s000. ed)FDA, Silver Spring, MD"},{"key":"2809_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0551-z","volume":"118","author":"M Focker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Focker M, Timmesfeld N, Scherag S, Buhren K, Langkamp M, Dempfle A, Sheridan EM, de Zwaan M, Fleischhaker C, Herzog W, Egberts K, Zipfel S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hebebrand J (2011) Screening for anorexia nervosa via measurement of serum leptin levels. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 118:571\u2013578","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2809_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1637-7","volume":"18","author":"M F\u00f6cker","year":"2018","unstructured":"F\u00f6cker M, Antel J, Grasemann C, F\u00fchrer D, Timmesfeld N, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk D, Peters T, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Libuda L (2018) Effect of an vitamin D deficiency on depressive symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric patients - a randomized controlled trial: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 18:57","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1295-1311","volume":"1","author":"RC Frederich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Frederich RC, Hamann A, Anderson S, L\u00f6llmann B, Lowell BB, Flier JS (1995) Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nat Med 1:1311\u20131314","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2809_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gradl-Dietsch G, Bell R, Tsch\u00f6pe F, Milos G, Wabitsch M, Antel J, Hebebrand J (2022) Rapid emergence of appetite and hunger resulting in weight gain and improvement of eating disorder symptomatology during and after short-term off-label metreleptin treatment of a patient with anorexia nervosa; in revision. Obesity Facts","DOI":"10.1159\/000527386"},{"key":"2809_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.007","volume":"33","author":"T Gruber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gruber T, Pan C, Contreras RE, Wiedemann T, Morgan DA, Skowronski AA, Lefort S, De Bernardis Murat C, Le Thuc O, Legutko B, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez M, Garc\u00eda-Villal\u00f3n AL, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hedstr\u00f6m D, Huber M, Szigeti-Buck K, M\u00fcller TD, Ussar S, Pfluger P, Woods SC, Ert\u00fcrk A, LeDuc CA, Rahmouni K, Granado M, Horvath TL, Tsch\u00f6p MH, Garc\u00eda-C\u00e1ceres C (2021) Obesity-associated hyperleptinemia alters the gliovascular interface of the hypothalamus to promote hypertension. Cell Metab 33:1155\u20131170e1110","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2809_CR20","first-page":"450","volume":"16","author":"Z Haque","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haque Z, Lakho GR, Nafees M, Shahid KU, Mazahir I (2006) Serum leptin levels correlation with high blood pressure in adult females. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 16:450\u2013454","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"2809_CR21","volume-title":"BDI-II. Beck depressions inventar revision-Manual","author":"M Hautzinger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hautzinger M, Keller F, K\u00fchner C (2006) BDI-II. Beck depressions inventar revision-Manual. Harcourt Test Services, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"key":"2809_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20875","volume":"44","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Bulik CM (2011) Critical appraisal of the provisional DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa and an alternative proposal. Int J Eat Disord 44:665\u2013678","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2809_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91955-4","volume":"346","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, van der Heyden J, Devos R, Kopp W, Herpertz S, Remschmidt H, Herzog W (1995) Plasma concentrations of obese protein in anorexia nervosa. Lancet 346:1624\u20131625","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2809_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000282","volume":"2","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Blum WF, Barth N, Coners H, Englaro P, Juul A, Ziegler A, Warnke A, Rascher W, Remschmidt H (1997) Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration. Mol Psychiatry 2:330\u2013334","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00769","volume":"10","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Milos G, Wabitsch M, Teufel M, Fuhrer D, Buhlmeier J, Libuda L, Ludwig C, Antel J (2019) Clinical trials required to assess potential benefits and side effects of treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa with Recombinant human leptin. Front Psychol 10:769","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2809_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104807","volume":"141","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Hildebrandt T, Schl\u00f6gl H, Seitz J, Denecke S, Vieira D, Gradl-Dietsch G, Peters T, Antel J, Lau D, Fulton S (2022) The role of hypoleptinemia in the psychological and behavioral adaptation to starvation: implications for anorexia nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 141:104807","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2809_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00863-y","volume":"19","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Antel J (2023) Could leptin substitution therapy potentially terminate entrapment in anorexia nervosa? Nat Rev Endocrinol 19:435\u2013436","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2809_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267495","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1267495","volume":"14","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Antel J, von Piechowski L, Kiewert C, St\u00fcve B, Gradl-Dietsch G (2023) Case report: rapid improvements of anorexia nervosa and probable myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome upon metreleptin treatment during two dosing episodes. Front Psychiatry 14:1267495","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3071","volume":"32","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Plieger M, Milos G, Peters T, Hinney A, Antel J (2024) Does hypoleptinemia trigger entrapment in anorexia nervosa? Etiological and clinical considerations. Eur Eat Disord Rev 32:557\u2013574","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"2809_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02315-4","volume":"33","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Antel J, Peters T (2024) Case report: clinical improvements observed in first off-label metreleptin treatment of a patient with atypical anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:2267\u20132272","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR31","first-page":"164","volume":"121","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Gradl-Dietsch G, Peters T, Correll CU, Haas V (2024) The diagnosis and treatment of anorexia nervosa in childhood and adolescence. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121:164\u2013174","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2809_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000090","volume":"39","author":"F Keller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keller F, Grieb J, Ernst M, Sprober N, Fegert JM, Kolch M (2011) [Children\u2019s depression rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R): development of a German version and psychometric properties in a clinical sample]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 39:179\u2013185","journal-title":"Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother"},{"key":"2809_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keys A, Brozek J, Henschel A, Mickelsen O, Taylor HL (1950) The biology of human starvation (2 volumes). University of Minnesota Press","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv9b2tqv"},{"key":"2809_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000287","volume":"2","author":"W Kopp","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kopp W, Blum WF, von Prittwitz S, Ziegler A, Lubbert H, Emons G, Herzog W, Herpertz S, Deter HC, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J (1997) Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females. Mol Psychiatry 2:335\u2013340","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kounali D, Button KS, Lewis G, Gilbody S, Kessler D, Araya R, Duffy L, Lanham P, Peters TJ, Wiles N, Lewis G (2020) How much change is enough? Evidence from a longitudinal study on depression in UK primary care. Psychol Med:1\u20138","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003700"},{"key":"2809_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1731","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00623.2015","volume":"309","author":"YC Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin YC, Huang J, Hileman S, Martin KH, Hull R, Davis M, Yu HG (2015) Leptin decreases heart rate associated with increased ventricular repolarization via its receptor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 309:H1731\u20131739","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2809_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2024.107032","volume":"164","author":"S Maguire","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maguire S, Kesby A, Brownlow R, Hunt GE, Kim M, McAulay C, Grisham JR, McGregor IS, Suraev A, Kevin RC, Russell J (2024) A phase II randomised controlled trial of intranasal Oxytocin in anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 164:107032","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2809_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530318666180213111637","volume":"18","author":"S Marucci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marucci S, Ragione LD, De Iaco G, Mococci T, Vicini M, Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V (2018) Anorexia nervosa and comorbid psychopathology. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 18:316\u2013324","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2809_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00977-1","volume":"10","author":"G Milos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milos G, Antel J, Kaufmann LK, Barth N, Koller A, Tan S, Wiesing U, Hinney A, Libuda L, Wabitsch M, von Kanel R, Hebebrand J (2020) Short-term metreleptin treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa: rapid on-set of beneficial cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects. Transl Psychiatry 10:303","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2809_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/43185","volume":"387","author":"CT Montague","year":"1997","unstructured":"Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, Sewter CP, Digby JE, Mohammed SN, Hurst JA, Cheetham CH, Earley AR, Barnett AH, Prins JB, O\u2019Rahilly S (1997) Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387:903\u2013908","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2809_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.002","volume":"15","author":"MG Myers Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Myers MG Jr., Heymsfield SB, Haft C, Kahn BB, Laughlin M, Leibel RL, Tsch\u00f6p MH, Yanovski JA (2012) Challenges and opportunities of defining clinical leptin resistance. Cell Metab 15:150\u2013156","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2809_CR42","volume-title":"Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. British psychological society and Royal college of psychiatrists: Leicester and London [full guideline]","author":"NCCMH","year":"2004","unstructured":"NCCMH (2004) Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. British psychological society and Royal college of psychiatrists: Leicester and London [full guideline]. British Psychological Society and Royal College of Psychiatrists, Leicester and London"},{"key":"2809_CR43","first-page":"410","volume":"28","author":"J O\u015bwiecimska","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u015bwiecimska J, Ziora K, Adamczyk P, Roczniak W, Pikiewicz-Koch A, Stojewska M, Dyduch A (2007) Effects of neuroendocrine changes on results of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 28:410\u2013416","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"2809_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paysal J, Thireau J, Terral D, Rochette E, Obert P, Merlin E, Nottin S (2022) Cardiac remodeling and its determinants in anorexia nervosa adolescents: impact of weight recovery. Children (Basel) 9","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.798774"},{"key":"2809_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-022-00985-w","volume":"21","author":"NH Shahimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahimi NH, Lim R, Mat S, Goh CH, Tan MP, Lim E (2022) Association between mental illness and blood pressure variability: a systematic review. Biomed Eng Online 21:19","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"2809_CR46","first-page":"365","volume":"47","author":"A Thiel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thiel A, Jacobi C, Horstmann S, Paul T, Nutzinger DO, Schussler G (1997) [A German version of the eating disorder inventory EDI-2]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 47:365\u2013376","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"2809_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.7.7685","volume":"86","author":"M Wabitsch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wabitsch M, Ballauff A, Holl R, Blum WF, Heinze E, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J (2001) Serum leptin, gonadotropin, and testosterone concentrations in male patients with anorexia nervosa during weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2982\u20132988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2809_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0821","volume":"176","author":"M Wabitsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wabitsch M, Pridzun L, Ranke M, von Schnurbein J, Moss A, Brandt S, Kohlsdorf K, Moepps B, Schaab M, Funcke JB, Gierschik P, Fischer-Posovszky P, Flehmig B, Kratzsch J (2017) Measurement of immunofunctional leptin to detect and monitor patients with functional leptin deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 176:315\u2013322","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02809-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02809-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02809-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T10:06:21Z","timestamp":1762423581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02809-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02809-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Both the patient and her parents provided written informed consent to participate in the study and to the publication of the case report including the supplemental texts provided by T Due to German law ethics approval is not applicable for an off-label application of an otherwise approved drug in an individual patient.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Johannes Hebebrand, Gertraud Gradl-Dietsch, and Jochen Antel declare that they were named as inventors in a patent application that the University of Duisburg-Essen filed on the use of leptin analogues for the treatment of depression. Johannes Hebebrand and Jochen Antel declare that they were named as inventors in two patent applications that the University of Duisburg-Essen had filed on the use of leptin analogues for treating anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa. Johannes Hebebrand received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Amryt Pharmaceuticals and Novo-Nordisk. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}