{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:56:45Z","timestamp":1791860205958,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Upper-middle and high income countries employ immigration detention for asylum-seeking\/refugee (ASR) children despite documented health risks. We sought to assess the physical and mental health impacts of detention on ASR children in these settings. A systematic review of 15 studies (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094,890 children) from 2,512 screened records was undertaken. Relevant databases were searched from 1808 to October 2024 for papers using the search terms \u2018unaccompanied\/separated\/children\/minors\/adolescents,\u2019 and \u2018war\/trauma\/asylum\/refugee,\u2019 and \u2018mental illness\/ PTSD\/depression\/ distress, depressive symptoms\/ anxiety\/physical health\/ health\/risk factors,\u2019 as well as \u2018detention\/detain\/imprison\/incarcerate\u2019. Joanna Briggs Institute tools assessed quality. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) data from three studies (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009239) underwent random-effects meta-analysis as the primary measure of social-emotional and behavioural issues. Duration of detention ranged from 2 weeks to 36 months. Prevalence of PTSD ranged from 6.5% (brief detention\u2009&lt;\u200930 days) to 100% (prolonged detention\u2009\u2265\u200912 months). MDD was reported in 44\u201395% of children, and suicidal ideation\/self-harm in 25\u201357%. Developmental delays were observed in 75% of children detained\u2009\u2265\u200912 months. Anxiety disorders (45\u201350%) included separation anxiety and generalised anxiety. The mixed model meta-analysis revealed severe mental health burdens with detained children exhibiting total difficulties scores twice the normative population mean (16.63 vs. 7.1\u20138.4, 95% CI: 11.19\u201322.07) with elevated subscale scores for emotional symptoms (5.40 vs. 1.6\u20132.1, 95% CI: 3.79\u20137.01), conduct problems (2.93 vs. 1.3\u20131.6, 95% CI: 1.53\u20134.32), and peer problems (3.34 vs. 1.4\u20131.6, 95% CI: 2.17\u20134.51) (I\u00b2 &gt;75% for all mental health outcomes). Physical health impacts included malnutrition (24\u201356%), dental caries (21\u201354%), vitamin D deficiency (51%), and somatic complaints (e.g., headaches, enuresis). Systemic risk factors\u2014detention duration, family separation, and cumulative trauma\u2014exacerbated harm, with parental mental illness (54%) and dehumanising conditions (e.g., numeric identification) amplifying risks. Comparative data highlight resettled children\u2019s recovery trajectories when provided stability and community support. Most studies were cross-sectional, limiting the ability to assess causality. This review consolidates evidence that establishes a connection between immigration detention and the manifestation of mental disorders, categorising it as an instance of early-life adversity. All fifteen studies identified detrimental consequences, and a meta-analysis of three studies revealed significant emotional distress and behavioural issues. These findings underscore the urgent need for policy reforms to abolish prolonged detention, prioritise family unity, and implement trauma-informed care to mitigate irreversible health consequences for ASR children. Policymakers must recognise these impacts and refrain from detaining and separating children and families.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Systematic review registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    , registration number CRD42022328867.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02832-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T09:20:32Z","timestamp":1756286432000},"page":"47-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immigration detention of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of physical and mental health impacts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Bafreen","family":"Sherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie C.","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Asghari-Jafarabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia M.","family":"Affaticati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Sundram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2832_CR1","unstructured":"The United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees, Global Appeal (2024) https:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/global-appeal-2024-6383. 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