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At each stage of the study, all subjects\u2019 mothers or legal guardians gave written informed consent. In the 11\u2010 and 15\u2010year follow\u2010ups, the adolescents also gave written informed consent. Cases of severe maternal mental health problems, as identified by the psychologists, were evaluated and, when necessary, were referred to the psychiatric or psychological care facilities available in the city.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}