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In youths with conduct disorder (CD), who are characterized by highly impairing antisocial behavior, research on FER biases has focused on hostile attribution biases. This work has shown that youths with CD perceive ambiguous social cues as angry. However, youths with CD may not only show biases towards anger, which is why we investigated FER biases in youths with CD towards the six basic emotions. Within the European FemNAT-CD study, we analyzed data from 610 youths with CD (60% female) and 818 typically developing controls (TDCs; 68% female), aged 9 to 18 years (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914.1,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.41 years). FER biases were assessed using the Emotion Hexagon Task by showing morphed emotional expressions and asking participants to choose the predominant emotion. Biases were calculated as tendency towards an emotion shown at 0%, 10%, 30%, or 50% intensity. Our findings from hierarchical linear modelling indicate that youths with CD exhibited stronger FER biases than TDCs across all emotions, meaning that they misclassified each emotion more often. However, this difference varied by intensity, with youths with CD displaying weaker biases at higher intensity levels and a smaller increase in bias with increasing intensity level. Our findings indicate that youths with CD not only show a hostile attribution bias but rather misclassify emotions as predominant when they are present at low intensity, regardless of type of emotion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02846-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T09:45:46Z","timestamp":1756287946000},"page":"253-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond hostility: exploring facial emotion recognition biases in youths with conduct disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6256-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Bacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beryll","family":"von Planta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anka","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-9938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucres","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-6185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane A.","family":"De Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9676-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Kohls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3507-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Unternaehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022) Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and conduct disorders. 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Amsterdam: Medisch Etische Toetsingscommissie (2014.188). Athens: Election Committee of the First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition University Hospital (641\/9.11.2015). Barcelona: Child and Adolescent Mental Health\u2014University Hospital Mutua Terrassa (acta 12\/13). Basel: Ethik Kommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz (EKNZ 336\/13). Bilbao: Hospital del Basurto. Birmingham and Southampton: University Ethics Committee and National Health Service Research Ethics Committee (NRES Committee West Midlands, Edgbaston; REC reference 13\/WM\/0483). Dublin: SJH\/AMNCH Research Ethics Committee (2014\/04\/Chairman (3)). Frankfurt: Ethik Kommission Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t Goethe Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main (445\/13). Szeged (Hungary): Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi Tudom\u00e1nyos Tan\u00e1cs Hum\u00e1n Reprodukci\u00f3s Bizotts\u00e1g (CSR\/039\/00392\u20133\/2014). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 16 years and older. For participants under the age of 16, assent was obtained from the participants themselves, and informed consent was provided by their legal guardian(s).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants, as well as their legal guardian(s), signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"C.S. receives royalties for a book on aggression. C.M.F. receives royalties for books on ADHD, ASD and Depression. She has served as a consultant to Desitin and Roche. K.K. has received speaker fees from Shire Pharmaceuticals and Medice. S.A.D.B. has received speaker fees from the Child Mental Health Centre and the Centre for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging. The remaining authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}