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However, the results are conflicting.\u00a0We investigated serum leptin levels in children and adolescents (11 to 18.9 years) with psychiatric disorders (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009363). Absolute and relative (body-mass-index (BMI)-, sex- and pubertal-stage-adjusted z-scores using reference values of healthy children and adolescents) leptin levels of different patient groups according to diagnosis were compared. The association between leptin levels and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and anxiety (Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self Report) was examined using regression analysis.\u00a0Leptin z-scores were higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than in healthy controls (median 1.50,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). While global tests suggested differences in leptin z-scores between patients with different psychiatric disorders, these differences could not be attributed to diagnosis groups in post-hoc pairwise comparisons. Absolute leptin levels differed between psychiatric disorders (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) had the lowest levels, and patients with mood disorders had higher leptin levels than patients with mental disorders other than mood disorders, anxiety or AN. Neither absolute nor relative leptin levels were related to depressive or anxiety symptoms in regression models adjusted for sex and BMI.\u00a0Significantly elevated BMI-, sex- and puberty-stage-adjusted leptin levels were observed in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders compared to a reference sample. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm and explain this finding. No relationship was found between absolute or relative leptin levels and symptoms of depression or anxiety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02921-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:03:19Z","timestamp":1767621799000},"page":"1451-1465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Albers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Antel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"F\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Libuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"B\u00fchlmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Hirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Hinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hebebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triinu","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2921_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00222-0","volume":"11","author":"P The Lancet","year":"2024","unstructured":"The Lancet P (2024) Global burden of disease 2021: mental health messages. 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Johannes Hebebrand and Jochen Antel declare that they were named as inventors in two patent applications that the University of Duisburg-Essen had filed on the use of leptin analogues for treating anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa. Johannes Hebebrand received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Amryt Pharmaceuticals and Novo-Nordisk. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}