{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:13:23Z","timestamp":1792782803649,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02nv7yv05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Premonitory urges (PU) are central to tic expression and guide behavioural treatment yet are difficult to measure in children using self-report because urge awareness often lags tic onset. We therefore examined neural correlates of urge control in paediatric tic disorders (TS) across natural urge conditions (blink, yawn) and tics, using an fMRI release-suppression task in 25 medication-na\u00efve children and adolescents with TS (76% male; 7\u201316 years) and 25 matched typically developing control participants (76% male; 6\u201317 years). We compared natural urge suppression between the TS group and controls at behavioural and neural levels. In participants with TS, we identified neural correlates of voluntary tic suppression, and examined task-evoked connectivity during tic suppression using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses with parietal seeds derived from natural urge effects to assess coupling with control\/monitoring and interoceptive-salience networks. Across blink and yawn, TS participants showed greater suppression-related activation than controls in left posterior parietal association cortex, with additional right parietal and frontal engagement for yawn. Behavioural impairment was selective to blink. Tic suppression did not yield uniform group-level activation, but suppression success was positively associated with engagement of executive, salience, and default-mode hubs. PPI analyses showed that stronger parietal-cingulo-opercular coupling was negatively associated with suppression success, whereas fronto-parietal coupling showed no positive association. These network-level associations provide a framework for refining models of urge control in youth and motivate future studies with larger samples to evaluate their robustness and potential translational relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03029-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:25:43Z","timestamp":1775802343000},"page":"2511-2523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parietal signatures of urge control in paediatric tic disorders: Hyperactivation and salience-biased coupling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6145-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa V.","family":"Heinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3489-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Schmidgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.013","volume":"37","author":"SC Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen SC, Leckman JF, Bloch MH (2013) Clinical assessment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:997\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3029_CR2","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl K (2014) Tourette-Syndrom und andere Tic-Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Erwachsenenalter. 2. Aufl., Medizinisch-Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Berlin"},{"key":"3029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.8.735","volume":"44","author":"JA Obeso","year":"1981","unstructured":"Obeso JA, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD (1981) Simple tics in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome are not prefaced by a normal premovement EEG potential. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 44:735\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.44.8.735","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.41.2_part_1.223","volume":"41","author":"A Lang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lang A (1991) Patient perception of tics and other movement disorders. Neurology 41:223\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.41.2_part_1.223","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.1.103","volume":"61","author":"BI Karp","year":"1996","unstructured":"Karp BI, Porter S, Toro C, Hallett M (1996) Simple motor tics may be preceded by a premotor potential. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61:103\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.61.1.103","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00005","volume":"33","author":"MJ Kane","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kane MJ (1994) Premonitory urges as attentional tics in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:805\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.008","volume":"77","author":"VC Brandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brandt VC, Beck C, Sajin V et al (2016) Temporal relationship between premonitory urges and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Cortex 77:24\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"3029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445514531015","volume":"38","author":"MR Capriotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Capriotti MR, Brandt BC, Turkel JE, Lee HJ, Woods DW (2014) Negative Reinforcement and Premonitory Urges in Youth With Tourette Syndrome: An Experimental Evaluation. Behav Modif 38:276\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145445514531015","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"3029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000348","volume":"7","author":"O Fr\u00fcndt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fr\u00fcndt O, Woods D, Ganos C (2017) Behavioral therapy for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract 7:148\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000348","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"3029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wohlgemuth JB, Watson KH, Gill KD, Isaacs DA (2025) Premonitory urge in tic disorders \u2013 a scoping review. Front Psychiatry Volume 16\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1504442","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1504442"},{"key":"3029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sambrani T, Jakubovski E, M\u00fcller-Vahl KR (2016) New Insights into Clinical Characteristics of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Findings in 1032 Patients from a Single German Center. Front NeuroSci 10\u20132016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2016.00415","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00415"},{"key":"3029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01450-1","volume":"29","author":"TJC Openneer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Openneer TJC, T\u00e1rnok Z, Bognar E et al (2020) The Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale in a large sample of children and adolescents: psychometric properties in a developmental context. An EMTICS study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:1411\u20131424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01450-1","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.08.009","volume":"46","author":"VA Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o VA, Dias \u00c2, Farinha AC, Maia TV (2017) Premonitory urges and tics in Tourette syndrome: computational mechanisms and neural correlates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 46:187\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2017.08.009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"3029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1017\/s0012162203001294","volume":"45","author":"T Banaschewski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Banaschewski T, Woerner W, Rothenberger A (2003) Premonitory sensory phenomena and suppressibility of tics in Tourette syndrome: developmental aspects in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:700\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0012162203001294","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"3029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00303-9","volume":"22","author":"KA Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson KA, Worbe Y, Foote KD, Butson CR, Gunduz A, Okun MS (2023) Tourette syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 22:147\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00303-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orth L, Meeh J, Leiding D, Habel U, Neuner I, Sarkheil P (2024) Aberrant Functional Connectivity of the Salience Network in Adult Patients with Tic Disorders: A Resting-State fMRI Study. 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.0223-23.2024. eNeuro","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0223-23.2024"},{"key":"3029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.02.057","volume":"173","author":"ER Steuber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steuber ER, Mcguire JF (2024) A meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 173:34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.02.057","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn223","volume":"132","author":"JA Church","year":"2009","unstructured":"Church JA, Fair DA, Dosenbach NU et al (2009) Control networks in paediatric Tourette syndrome show immature and anomalous patterns of functional connectivity. Brain 132:225\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn223","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00363","volume":"12","author":"S Fan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan S, Van Den Heuvel OA, Cath DC et al (2018) Altered Functional Connectivity in Resting State Networks in Tourette\u2019s Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 12:363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00363","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.001","volume":"8","author":"S Morand-Beaulieu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morand-Beaulieu S, Wu J, Mayes LC et al (2023) Increased Alpha-Band Connectivity During Tic Suppression in Children With Tourette Syndrome Revealed by Source Electroencephalography Analyses. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 8:241\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.007","volume":"65","author":"C Ganos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ganos C, Kahl U, Brandt V et al (2014) The neural correlates of tic inhibition in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neuropsychologia 65:297\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"3029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.014","volume":"20","author":"SMA Van Der Salm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Der Salm SMA, Van Der Meer JN, Cath DC et al (2018) Distinctive tics suppression network in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome distinguished from suppression of natural urges using multimodal imaging. Neuroimage Clin 20:783\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"3029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121831","volume":"167","author":"L Mazzone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mazzone L, Yu S, Blair C et al (2010) An FMRI study of frontostriatal circuits during the inhibition of eye blinking in persons with Tourette syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 167:341\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121831","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01495.x","volume":"81","author":"MS Helt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helt MS, Eigsti IM, Snyder PJ, Fein DA (2010) Contagious yawning in autistic and typical development. Child Dev 81:1620\u20131631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01495.x","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"3029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2011.604717","volume":"2","author":"SR Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson SR, Parkinson A, Kim SY, Sch\u00fcermann M, Eickhoff SB (2011) On the functional anatomy of the urge-for-action. Cogn Neurosci 2:227\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17588928.2011.604717","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.10.010","volume":"135","author":"T Bhikram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhikram T, Crawley A, Arnold P, Abi-Jaoude E, Sandor P (2021) Neuroimaging the emotional modulation of urge inhibition in Tourette Syndrome. Cortex 135:341\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.10.010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"3029_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.010","volume":"120","author":"HE Botteron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Botteron HE, Richards CA, Nishino T et al (2019) The urge to blink in Tourette syndrome. Cortex 120:556\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"3029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneider S, Pflug V, In-Albon T, Margraf J (2017) Kinder-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen St\u00f6rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Bochum: Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum f\u00fcr psychische Gesundheit, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13154\/rub.101.90","DOI":"10.13154\/rub.101.90"},{"key":"3029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"3029_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2017) Wechsler intelligence scale for children - fifth edition (WISC-V). Translated and edited by Petermann F. Pearson Assessment Frankfurt a.M","DOI":"10.1037\/t79544-000"},{"key":"3029_CR31","unstructured":"Stiensmeier-Pelster J, Braune-Krickau M, Sch\u00fcrmann M, Duda K (2014) Depressionsinventar f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche (DIKJ). 3. Aufl., Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen"},{"key":"3029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.4.486","volume":"17","author":"EA Storch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Storch EA, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Sajid M, Allen P, Roberti JW (2005) Reliability and validity of the Yale global tic severity scale. Psychol Assess 17:486\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.17.4.486","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"3029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2014.954990","volume":"6","author":"VC Brandt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brandt VC, Lynn MT, Obst M, Brass M, M\u00fcnchau A (2015) Visual feedback of own tics increases tic frequency in patients with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Cogn Neurosci 6:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17588928.2014.954990","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12584","volume":"7","author":"O Friard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friard O, Gamba M (2016) BORIS: a free, versatile open-source event\u2010logging software for video\/audio coding and live observations. Methods Ecol Evol 7:1325\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12584","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3029_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100774","volume":"42","author":"J Walbrin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walbrin J, Mihai I, Landsiedel J, Koldewyn K (2020) Developmental changes in visual responses to social interactions. Dev Cogn Neurosci 42:100774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100774","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120629","volume":"12","author":"AR Bentivoglio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bentivoglio AR, Bressman SB, Cassetta E, Carretta D, Tonali P, Albanese A (1997) Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects. Mov Disord 12:1028\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870120629","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3029_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","volume":"15","author":"TE Nichols","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nichols TE, Holmes AP (2002) Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples. Hum Brain Mapp 15:1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.1058","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3029_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","volume":"25","author":"SB Eickhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Stephan KE, Mohlberg H et al (2005) A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. NeuroImage 25:1325\u20131335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3029_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0291","volume":"6","author":"KJ Friston","year":"1997","unstructured":"Friston KJ, Buechel C, Fink GR, Morris J, Rolls E, Dolan RJ (1997) Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. NeuroImage 6:218\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.1997.0291","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3029_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00573","volume":"11","author":"X Di","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di X, Biswal BB (2017) Psychophysiological Interactions in a Visual Checkerboard Task: Reproducibility, Reliability, and the Effects of Deconvolution. Front Neurosci 11:573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00573","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf260","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf260","volume":"7","author":"TV Heinen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heinen TV, Schmidgen J, Paul T et al (2025) Motor network organization in healthy development and chronic tic disorders. Brain Commun 7:fcaf260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf260","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"3029_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00362","volume":"8","author":"I Neuner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neuner I, Werner CJ, Arrubla J et al (2014) Imaging the where and when of tic generation and resting state networks in adult Tourette patients. Front Hum Neurosci 8:362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00362","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24898","volume":"41","author":"ER Stern","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stern ER, Brown C, Ludlow M et al (2020) The buildup of an urge in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates. Hum Brain Mapp 41:1611\u20131625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24898","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3029_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17070140","volume":"30","author":"E Abi-Jaoude","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abi-Jaoude E, Segura B, Cho SS, Crawley A, Sandor P (2018) The Neural Correlates of Self-Regulatory Fatigability During Inhibitory Control of Eye Blinking. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 30:325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17070140","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa111","volume":"143","author":"M Kleimaker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kleimaker M, Takacs A, Conte G et al (2020) Increased perception-action binding in Tourette syndrome. Brain 143:1934\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa111","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3029_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2015.1112033","volume":"17","author":"J Buse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buse J, Beste C, Herrmann E, Roessner V (2016) Neural correlates of altered sensorimotor gating in boys with Tourette Syndrome: A combined EMG\/fMRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 17:187\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15622975.2015.1112033","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12938","volume":"60","author":"V Petruo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petruo V, Bodmer B, Brandt VC et al (2019) Altered perception-action binding modulates inhibitory control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 60:953\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12938","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.1.98","volume":"150","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Walker DE, Cohen DJ (1993) Premonitory urges in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 150:98\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.150.1.98","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.08.004","volume":"48","author":"DJ Greene","year":"2025","unstructured":"Greene DJ, Demeter DV, Nielsen AN (2025) Functional Neuroanatomy of Tics: A Brain Network Perspective. Psychiatr Clin North Am 48:31\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2024.08.004","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"3029_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(98)00176-0","volume":"44","author":"BS Peterson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peterson BS, Leckman JF (1998) The temporal dynamics of tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 44:1337\u20131348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3223(98)00176-0","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26230","volume":"30","author":"S Tinaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tinaz S, Malone P, Hallett M, Horovitz SG (2015) Role of the right dorsal anterior insula in the urge to tic in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 30:1190\u20131197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26230","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3029_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2025.101607","volume":"66","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Lee JI, Woo C-W (2025) Embodying the default mode network: self-related processing from an embodied perspective. Curr Opin Behav Sci 66:101607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2025.101607","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"3029_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","volume":"3","author":"M Corbetta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corbetta M, Shulman GL (2002) Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:201\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn755","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"3029_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2020.1775889","volume":"21","author":"B Sutcubasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sutcubasi B, Metin B, Kurban MK, Metin ZE, Beser B, Sonuga-Barke E (2020) Resting-state network dysconnectivity in ADHD: A system-neuroscience-based meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 21:662\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15622975.2020.1775889","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0564-4","volume":"26","author":"W Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai W, Griffiths K, Korgaonkar MS, Williams LM, Menon V (2021) Inhibition-related modulation of salience and frontoparietal networks predicts cognitive control ability and inattention symptoms in children with ADHD. Mol Psychiatry 26:4016\u20134025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0564-4","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3029_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27202","volume":"32","author":"VC Brandt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brandt VC, Herrmann K, Kerner Auch Koerner J, M\u00fcnchau A (2017) Perceived and real tic suppression ability and its relation to impulsivity. Mov Disord 32:1795\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27202","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3029_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114163","volume":"304","author":"A Sturm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sturm A, Ricketts EJ, Mcguire JF et al (2021) Inhibitory control in youth with Tourette\u2019s Disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and their combination and predictors of objective tic suppressibility. Psychiatry Res 304:114163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114163","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3029_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu M, Wei H, Meng X et al (2021) Effects of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Bilateral Parietal Cortex in Patients With Tourette Syndrome. Front Neurol 12\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.602830","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.602830"},{"key":"3029_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55242-6","volume":"15","author":"JC Baldermann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baldermann JC, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Sch\u00fcller T et al (2024) A critical role of action-related functional networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Nat Commun 15:10687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-55242-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03029-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03029-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03029-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1791579739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03029-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03029-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"SB has participated in advisory boards and expert panels for AGB Pharma, Medice, and Roche, and has received support for symposia and congress participation from Takeda. KK serves as a Co-Editor for European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Cologne (Medical Faculty) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent and assent were obtained from parents and participants, respectively","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}