{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:51:03Z","timestamp":1791582663094,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005370","name":"Gates Cambridge Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#OPP1144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#OPP1144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MHF049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHF049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR134922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134922"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anxiety and depression are the most common mental health conditions for children and young people (CYP), yet treatment recommendations vary. Through this umbrella review (meta-analysis of meta-analyses), we aimed to identify the most effective interventions for CYP with anxiety and depression. We searched five electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ASSIA) from 1 October 2017 to 1 October 2022, with an updated search in PubMed from October 2022 to February 2026. Eligible meta-analyses reported on interventions for CYP (\u2264\u200918\u00a0years) with anxiety or depression and\/or associated symptoms. We identified 57 meta-analyses (569 effect sizes); of these, 43 (391 effects) were included in statistical analyses. For anxiety, psychosocial (d\u2009=\u2009-0.51, 95% CI [-0.56, -0.46], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and pharmacological (d\u2009=\u2009-0.67, 95% CI [-0.87, -0.46], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) interventions appeared equally effective (t(5.50)\u2009=\u20090.64, p\u2009=\u20090.546). For depression, physical (d\u2009=\u2009-0.49, CI [-0.57, -0.40], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) interventions appeared most effective, followed by psychosocial (d\u2009=\u2009-0.35, CI [-0.39, -0.32], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), then pharmacological (d\u2009=\u2009-0.17, CI [-0.20, -0.15], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), (F(2,151)\u2009=\u200911.44, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Psychosocial interventions were also associated with better outcomes for anxiety than for depression (MD\u2009=\u2009-0.14, CI [-0.21, -0.06], t(314.30)\u2009=\u2009-3.45, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). As physical interventions and interpersonal therapy were the specific therapies associated with the greatest improvements in CYP\u2019s depression, policymakers and practitioners should monitor emerging evidence in these areas when shaping treatment recommendations, and researchers should consider exploring their effectiveness for the treatment of anxiety. In general, future research should focus on understanding the effectiveness of the studied interventions in real clinical practice settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03064-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1779794607000},"page":"2445-2476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of interventions for anxiety and depression in children and young people: an umbrella review of meta-analyses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9910-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Morse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2236-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Mannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8819-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dihini","family":"Pilimatalawwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3673-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Phippard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2643-0517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabienne","family":"dos Santos Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rani","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Ganesalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Rachel","family":"Rengasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3887-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3618-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"Woolgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robbie","family":"Duschinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry","family":"Coughlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3064_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health of Adolescents. World Health Organization. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescent-mental-health"},{"issue":"11","key":"3064_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482","volume":"175","author":"N Racine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S (2021) Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 175(11):1142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20160047","volume":"15","author":"EK Freidl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freidl EK, Stroeh OM, Elkins RM, Steinberg E, Albano AM, Rynn M (2017) Assessment and treatment of anxiety among children and adolescents. Focus 15(2):144\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.20160047","journal-title":"Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20150029","volume":"14","author":"A Chiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiu A, Falk A, Walkup JT (2016) Anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. Focus 14(1):26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.20150029","journal-title":"Focus"},{"issue":"7","key":"3064_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00010-5","volume":"18","author":"PM Lewinsohn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR (1998) Major depressive disorder in older adolescents. Clin Psychol Rev 18(7):765\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00010-5","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"3064_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200109000-00018","volume":"40","author":"LJ Woodward","year":"2001","unstructured":"Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM (2001) Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40(9):1086\u20131093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200109000-00018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.3.225","volume":"59","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (2002) Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(3):225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.59.3.225","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.1.56","volume":"55","author":"DS Pine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y (1998) The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(1):56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.55.1.56","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3064_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114525674","volume":"28","author":"DS Baldwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, Den Boer JA et al (2014) Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 28(5):403\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881114525674","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3064_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581093","volume":"29","author":"A Cleare","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cleare A, Pariante C, Young A, Anderson I, Christmas D, Cowen P et al (2015) Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 29(5):459\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881115581093","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3064_CR11","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Anxiety disorders: Quality Standard [QS53] [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/qs53"},{"key":"3064_CR12","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in children and young people: identification and management [NG134] [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng134"},{"issue":"6","key":"3064_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab088","volume":"12","author":"SC Campisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campisi SC, Zasowski C, Shah S, Bradley-Ridout G, Madigan S, Szatmari P et al (2021) Do healthy dietary interventions improve pediatric depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 12(6):2495\u20132507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmab088","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"3064_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00185","volume":"11","author":"M Oberste","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oberste M, Medele M, Javelle F, Lioba Wunram H, Walter D, Bloch W et al (2020) Physical activity for the treatment of adolescent depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 11:185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00185","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00453-2","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Cai ZD, Jiang WT, Fang YY, Sun WX, Wang X (2022) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 16(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-022-00453-2","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"3064_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.974382","volume":"13","author":"CS Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang CS, Cheng L, Chen X, Wang Y, Wei S, Sun J (2022) The strategies of exercise intervention for adolescent depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Psychol 13:974382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.974382","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3064_CR17","unstructured":"Triggle N. BBC News [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Mental health: Children should be more resilient, say experts. Available from: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c4gp19n111vo"},{"issue":"11","key":"3064_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3036","volume":"171","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Z, Whiteside SPH, Sim L, Farah W, Morrow AS, Alsawas M et al (2017) Comparative effectiveness and safety of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 171(11):1049\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3036","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2022.2069858","volume":"77","author":"A Arnard\u00f3ttir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnard\u00f3ttir A, Skarphedinsson G (2023) Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment, serotonin, and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors for anxiety in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry 77(2):118\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2022.2069858","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR20","unstructured":"Bubrick J. Child Mind Institute [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Behavioral Treatment for Kids With Anxiety. Available from: https:\/\/childmind.org\/article\/behavioral-treatment-kids-anxiety\/"},{"key":"3064_CR21","unstructured":"National Health Service UK. nhs.uk [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Anxiety disorders in children. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/children-and-young-adults\/advice-for-parents\/anxiety-disorders-in-children\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002774","volume":"47","author":"K Kamenov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamenov K, Twomey C, Cabello M, Prina AM, Ayuso-Mateos JL (2017) The efficacy of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and their combination on functioning and quality of life in depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 47(3):414\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716002774","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3064_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2004.01421.x","volume":"38","author":"MM Haby","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haby MM, Tonge B, Littlefield L, Carter R, Vos T (2004) Cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for major depression in children and adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 38(8):579\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2004.01421.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"3064_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.7.807","volume":"292","author":"J March","year":"2004","unstructured":"March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J et al (2004) Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292(7):807\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.292.7.807","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"3064_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.047","volume":"298","author":"JR Strawn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strawn JR, Mills JA, Suresh V, Peris TS, Walkup JT, Croarkin PE (2022) Combining selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy in youth with depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord 298(Pt A):292\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.047","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20630","volume":"18","author":"L Boschloo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boschloo L, Bekhuis E, Weitz ES, Reijnders M, DeRubeis RJ, Dimidjian S et al (2019) The symptom-specific efficacy of antidepressant medication vs. cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression: results from an individual patient data meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 18(2):183\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20630","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR27","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. https:\/\/www.apa.org [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Depression Treatments for Children and Adolescents. Available from: https:\/\/www.apa.org"},{"key":"3064_CR28","unstructured":"BNFC. Depression Treatment Summaries [Internet]. NICE; 2025 [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Depression | Treatment summaries | BNFC content published by NICE. Available from: https:\/\/bnfc.nice.org.uk\/treatment-summaries\/depression\/"},{"key":"3064_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00081","volume":"11","author":"M Wegner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wegner M, Amatriain-Fern\u00e1ndez S, Kaulitzky A, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Machado S, Budde H (2020) Systematic review of meta-analyses: exercise effects on depression in children and adolescents. Front Psychiatry 11:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00081","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"3064_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.11.024","volume":"60","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuijpers P, Pineda BS, Ng MY, Weisz JR, Mu\u00f1oz RF, Gentili C et al (2021) A meta-analytic review: psychological treatment of subthreshold depression in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 60(9):1072\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.11.024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465822000662","volume":"51","author":"LA Dardas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dardas LA, Xu H, Franklin MS, Scott J, Vance A, van de Water B et al (2023) Cognitive behavioural therapy and medication for treatment of adolescent depression: a network meta-analysis. Behav Cogn Psychother 51(3):230\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465822000662","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"8","key":"3064_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0381-4","volume":"15","author":"AH Cheung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheung AH, Kozloff N, Sacks D (2013) Pediatric depression: an evidence-based update on treatment interventions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 15(8):381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-013-0381-4","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000246070.23695.06","volume":"46","author":"SD Connolly","year":"2007","unstructured":"Connolly SD, Bernstein GA, Work Group on Quality Issues (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(2):267\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.chi.0000246070.23695.06","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300014","volume":"21","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Radua J (2018) Ten simple rules for conducting umbrella reviews. Evid Based Ment Health 21(3):95\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300014","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"3064_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"29","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021Mar) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 29:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"3064_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-v","volume":"46","author":"T Byrt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Byrt T, Bishop J, Carlin JB (1993) Bias, prevalence and kappa. J Clin Epidemiol 46(5):423\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-v","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3064_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lenhard W, Lenhard A. Psychometrica [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Computation of Effect Sizes. Available from: https:\/\/www.psychometrica.de\/effect_size.htmlhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.17823.92329","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.17823.92329"},{"key":"3064_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","volume":"358","author":"BJ Shea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J et al (2017) AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ 358:358(j4008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j4008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"3064_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01289-9","volume":"49","author":"C Tejada-Gallardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tejada-Gallardo C, Blasco-Belled A, Torrelles-Nadal C, Alsinet C (2020) Effects of school-based multicomponent positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc 49(10):1943\u20131960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-020-01289-9","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"12","key":"3064_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02429-3","volume":"33","author":"L Tindall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tindall L, Kerrigan P, Li J, Hayward E, Gega L (2024) Is behavioural activation an effective treatment for depression in children and adolescents? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33(12):4133\u20134156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02429-3","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3070","volume":"76","author":"X Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhang Y, Furukawa TA, Cuijpers P, Pu J, Weisz JR et al (2019) Different types and acceptability of psychotherapies for acute anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 76(1):41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3070","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17030059","volume":"17","author":"BD Carneiro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carneiro BD, Pozza DH, Costa-Pereira JT, Tavares I (2025) Mindfulness in mental health and psychiatric disorders of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Rep 17(3):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pediatric17030059","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-021-09492-0","volume":"14","author":"S Phillips","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phillips S, Mychailyszyn M (2022) The effect of school-based mindfulness interventions on anxious and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis. Sch Ment Health 14(3):455\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12310-021-09492-0","journal-title":"Sch Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-019-00303-2","volume":"23","author":"SPH Whiteside","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whiteside SPH, Sim LA, Morrow AS, Farah WH, Hilliker DR, Murad MH et al (2020) A meta-analysis to guide the enhancement of CBT for childhood anxiety: exposure over anxiety management. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 23(1):102\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-019-00303-2","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3064_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.12.020","volume":"80","author":"H Alemdar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alemdar H, Karaca A (2025) The effect of cognitive behavioral interventions applied to children with anxiety disorders on their anxiety level: a meta-analysis study. J Pediatr Nurs 80:e246\u2013e254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.12.020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16824-z","volume":"23","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Zhou X, Huang Z, Shao T (2023) Effect of exercise intervention on depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 23(1):1918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16824-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/cp.12179","volume":"23","author":"A Carnes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carnes A, Matthewson M, Boer O (2019) The contribution of parents in childhood anxiety treatment: a meta\u2010analytic review. Clin Psychol 23(3):183\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cp.12179","journal-title":"Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246582000079X","volume":"49","author":"R Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans R, Clark DM, Leigh E (2021) Are young people with primary social anxiety disorder less likely to recover following generic CBT compared to young people with other primary anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Cogn Psychother 49(3):352\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S135246582000079X","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"3064_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.674267","volume":"12","author":"T Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo T, Su J, Hu J, Aalberg M, Zhu Y, Teng T et al (2021) Individual vs. group cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Psychiatry 12:674267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.674267","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-021-00364-2","volume":"24","author":"HJ Baker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baker HJ, Lawrence PJ, Karalus J, Creswell C, Waite P (2021) The effectiveness of psychological therapies for anxiety disorders in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 24(4):765\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-021-00364-2","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17r12064","volume":"80","author":"ET Dobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson ET, Bloch MH, Strawn JR (2019) Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for pediatric anxiety disorders: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 80(1):17r12064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.17r12064","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3064_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013674.pub2","volume":"5","author":"SE Hetrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP, Sharma V, Moller CI, Badcock PB et al (2021) New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5(5):CD013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013674.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3064_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.082","volume":"309","author":"C Jewell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jewell C, Wittkowski A, Pratt D (2022) The impact of parent-only interventions on child anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 309:324\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.082","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2022.2075460","volume":"77","author":"\u00cdH Stef\u00e1nsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stef\u00e1nsd\u00f3ttir \u00cdH, Ivarsson T, Skarphedinsson G (2023) Efficacy and safety of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry 77(2):137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2022.2075460","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113892","volume":"299","author":"Y Hang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hang Y, Xu L, Wang C, Zhang G, Zhang N (2021) Can attention bias modification augment the effect of CBT for anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 299:113892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113892","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.01.015","volume":"57","author":"JR Strawn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strawn JR, Mills JA, Sauley BA, Welge JA (2018) The impact of antidepressant dose and class on treatment response in pediatric anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 57(4):235-244.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.01.015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07227-y","volume":"25","author":"L Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li L, Li Q, Wang J, Fu Q, Chi M (2025) Effects of different interventions on anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 25(1):809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07227-y","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12572","volume":"28","author":"N Fulambarkar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fulambarkar N, Seo B, Testerman A, Rees M, Bausback K, Bunge E (2023) Review: meta-analysis on mindfulness-based interventions for adolescents\u2019 stress, depression, and anxiety in school settings: a cautionary tale. Child Adolesc Ment Health 28(2):307\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/camh.12572","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13485","volume":"63","author":"M Cervin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cervin M, Lundgren T (2022) Technology-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of remission, posttreatment anxiety, and functioning. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 63(1):7\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13485","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23116","volume":"38","author":"A Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo A, McAloon J (2021) Potential mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 38(2):220\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.23116","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1189-x","volume":"28","author":"L Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhou X, Pu J, Liu L, Cuijpers P, Zhang Y et al (2019) Efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions for social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(1):79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1189-x","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12438","volume":"26","author":"B Axelsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Axelsd\u00f3ttir B, Biedilae S, Sagatun \u00c5, Nordheim LV, Larun L (2021) Review: exercise for depression in children and adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Ment Health 26(4):347\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/camh.12438","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"3064_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01375-y","volume":"54","author":"D Eckshtain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eckshtain D, Horn R, Weisz JR (2023) Family-based interventions for youth depression: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 54(6):1737\u20131748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-022-01375-y","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"3064_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3927","volume":"13","author":"NM Batelaan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Batelaan NM, Bosman RC, Muntingh A, Scholten WD, Huijbregts KM, Van Balkom AJLM (2017) Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials. BMJ 13:j3927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j3927","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000537932","volume":"93","author":"K Krause","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krause K, Zhang XC, Schneider S (2024) Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in routine outpatient care for youth with anxiety disorders. Psychother Psychosom 93(3):181\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000537932","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"7","key":"3064_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2767","volume":"43","author":"JR Strawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strawn JR, Mills JA, Poweleit EA, Ramsey LB, Croarkin PE (2023) Adverse effects of antidepressant medications and their management in children and adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 43(7):675\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.2767","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-020-00319-z","volume":"23","author":"K Odgers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Odgers K, Dargue N, Creswell C, Jones MP, Hudson JL (2020) The limited effect of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 23(3):407\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-020-00319-z","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3064_CR68","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Social, emotional and mental wellbeing in primary and secondary education [NG223] [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng223"},{"key":"3064_CR69","unstructured":"CDC. Promoting Mental Health and Well-Being in Schools: An Action Guide for School and District Leaders [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mental-health-action-guide\/media\/pdfs\/DASH_MH_Action_Guide_508.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.146761","volume":"206","author":"IA Cristea","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cristea IA, Kok RN, Cuijpers P (2015) Efficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depression: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 206(1):7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.146761","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01623-9","volume":"18","author":"N Kappelmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kappelmann N, Rein M, Fietz J, Mayberg HS, Craighead WE, Dunlop BW et al (2020) Psychotherapy or medication for depression? Using individual symptom meta-analyses to derive a symptom-oriented therapy (SOrT) metric for a personalised psychiatry. BMC Med 18(1):170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01623-9","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3064_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008324.pub2","volume":"11","author":"GR Cox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cox GR, Callahan P, Churchill R, Hunot V, Merry SN, Parker AG et al (2012) Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD008324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008324.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038550","volume":"23","author":"TM Hillhouse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hillhouse TM, Porter JH (2015) A brief history of the development of antidepressant drugs: from monoamines to glutamate. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 23(1):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038550","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3064_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.076","volume":"368","author":"C L\u00f3pez-Pinar","year":"2025","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pinar C, Lara-Mer\u00edn L, Mac\u00edas J (2025) Process of change and efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 368:633\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.076","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3064_CR75","unstructured":"NbN. NBN New Knowledge, New Nomenclature [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/nbn2r.com\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000505","volume":"32","author":"J Ormel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ormel J, Kessler RC, Schoevers R (2019) Depression: more treatment but no drop in prevalence: how effective is treatment? And can we do better? Curr Opin Psychiatry 32(4):348\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000505","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102111","volume":"91","author":"J Ormel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ormel J, Hollon SD, Kessler RC, Cuijpers P, Monroe SM (2022) More treatment but no less depression: the treatment-prevalence paradox. Clin Psychol Rev 91:102111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102111","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3064_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.704843","volume":"41","author":"JF Young","year":"2012","unstructured":"Young JF, Makover HB, Cohen JR, Mufson L, Gallop R, Benas JS (2012) Interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training: anxiety outcomes and impact of comorbidity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 41(5):640\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2012.704843","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20190028","volume":"73","author":"LJ Dietz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dietz LJ (2020) Family-based interpersonal psychotherapy: an intervention for preadolescent depression. Am J Psychother 73(1):22\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20190028","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"issue":"9","key":"3064_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70137","volume":"35","author":"G Ligon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ligon G, Crombie KM, Herring MP, O\u2019Connor PJ, Fedewa MV (2025) The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Scand J Med Sci Sports 35(9):e70137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.70137","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"3064_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Coughlan B, Reijman S (2020) Annual research review: umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 61(3):272\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13147","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13147"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20881","volume":"20","author":"CU Correll","year":"2021","unstructured":"Correll CU, Cortese S, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Arrondo G et al (2021) Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review. World Psychiatry 20(2):244\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20881","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3064_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30286-X","volume":"6","author":"HP Hailes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hailes HP, Yu R, Danese A, Fazel S (2019) Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review. Lancet Psychiatry 6(10):830\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30286-X","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000298371","volume":"30","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Liu J, Swartz M, Blazer DG (1996) Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 30:17\u201330","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31819d954f","volume":"197","author":"GJ Unick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Unick GJ, Snowden L, Hastings J (2009) Heterogeneity in comorbidity between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and its clinical consequences. J Nerv Ment Dis 197(4):215\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31819d954f","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"3064_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1132","volume":"64","author":"JS March","year":"2007","unstructured":"March JS, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J et al (2007Oct) The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(10):1132\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1132","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmh.12.3.88","volume":"12","author":"J Hudson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hudson J (2009) Short term CBT and sertraline, alone or in combination, reduce anxiety in children and adolescents. Evid Based Ment Health 12(3):88","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12392","volume":"95","author":"N Dippel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dippel N, Szota K, Cuijpers P, Christiansen H, Brakemeier EL (2022) Family involvement in psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother 95(3):656\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12392","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"5","key":"3064_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578720925384","volume":"56","author":"AA Reyad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reyad AA, Plaha K, Girgis E, Mishriky R (2021) Fluoxetine in the management of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hosp Pharm 56(5):525\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018578720925384","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"3064_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12895","volume":"47","author":"SY Steains","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steains SY, Malouff JM, Schutte NS (2021) Efficacy of psychological interventions for selective mutism in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Child Care Health Dev 47(6):771\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cch.12895","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"3064_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.05.011","volume":"67","author":"S Keles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keles S, Idsoe T (2018) A meta-analysis of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for adolescents with depression. J Adolesc 67:129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.05.011","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/01933922.2021.1950881","volume":"47","author":"VC Baourda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baourda VC, Brouzos A, Mavridis D, Vassilopoulos SP, Vatkali E, Boumpouli C (2022) Group psychoeducation for anxiety symptoms in youth: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Spec Group Work 47(1):22\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01933922.2021.1950881","journal-title":"J Spec Group Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-020-00139-6","volume":"5","author":"MK Higinbotham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Higinbotham MK, Emmert-Aronson B, Bunge EL (2020) A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of behavioral intervention technologies and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with depression. J Technol Behav Sci 5(4):324\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41347-020-00139-6","journal-title":"J Technol Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.002","volume":"59","author":"D Eckshtain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eckshtain D, Kuppens S, Ugueto A, Ng MY, Vaughn-Coaxum R, Corteselli K et al (2020) Meta-analysis: 13-year follow-up of psychotherapy effects on youth depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 59(1):45\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3064_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01564-x","volume":"30","author":"S Hugh-Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hugh-Jones S, Beckett S, Tumelty E, Mallikarjun P (2021) Indicated prevention interventions for anxiety in children and adolescents: a review and meta-analysis of school-based programs. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30(6):849\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01564-x","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"3064_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12809","volume":"59","author":"G Krebs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krebs G, Pile V, Grant S, Degli Esposti M, Montgomery P, Lau JYF (2018) Research review: cognitive bias modification of interpretations in youth and its effect on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 59(8):831\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12809","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113896","volume":"300","author":"Y Hang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hang Y, Zhang G, Wang C, Zhang N, Liu G (2021) Attention bias modification for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 300:113896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113896","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3064_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013162.pub2","volume":"11","author":"AC James","year":"2020","unstructured":"James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C (2020) Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(11):CD013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013162.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3064_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300096","volume":"22","author":"C Schwartz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwartz C, Barican JL, Yung D, Zheng Y, Waddell C (2019) Six decades of preventing and treating childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform policy and practice. Evid Based Ment Health 22(3):103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300096","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"3064_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.10.005","volume":"60","author":"LJ Kreuze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kreuze LJ, Pijnenborg GHM, de Jonge YB, Nauta MH (2018) Cognitive-behavior therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of secondary outcomes. J Anxiety Disord 60:43\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.10.005","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"3064_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.023","volume":"253","author":"J Pu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pu J, Zhou X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yang L, Yuan S et al (2017) Efficacy and acceptability of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res 253:226\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.08.002","volume":"17","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhou X, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Pu J, Liu L et al (2017) Efficacy and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Pediatr 17(1):9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2016.08.002","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"3064_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13891","volume":"64","author":"C Alozkan-Sever","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alozkan-Sever C, Uppendahl JR, Cuijpers P, de Vries R, Rahman A, Mittendorfer-Rutz E et al (2023) Research review: psychological and psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder in low- and middle-income countries - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 64(12):1776\u20131788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13891","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-023-00760-0","volume":"45","author":"L Csirmaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Csirmaz L, Nagy T, Vikor F, Kasos K (2024) Cognitive behavioral digital interventions are effective in reducing anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev 45(2):237\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00760-0","journal-title":"J Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01884-6","volume":"32","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Ciharova M, Miguel C, Noma H, Stikkelbroek Y et al (2023) The effects of psychological treatments of depression in children and adolescents on response, reliable change, and deterioration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32(1):177\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01884-6","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3064_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12657","volume":"17","author":"P Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu P, Situ M, Duan X, Sun H, Wang M, Tao Y et al (2024) The acceptability and effects of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy on depressive symptoms and remission in 13- to 17-year-old adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med 17(4):740\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jebm.12657","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3064_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12926","volume":"58","author":"T van Aswegen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Aswegen T, Samartzi E, Morris L, van der Spek N, de Vries R, Seedat S et al (2023) Effectiveness of family-based therapy for depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Psychol 58(6):499\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12926","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3064_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221125005","volume":"28","author":"L Waraan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waraan L, Siqveland J, Hanssen-Bauer K, Czjakowski NO, Axelsd\u00f3ttir B, Mehlum L et al (2023) Family therapy for adolescents with depression and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 28(2):831\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591045221125005","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3064_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2025.1479326","volume":"19","author":"W Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang W, Chen H, Liu W, Qu S, Ge Y, Song J (2025) Efficacy of vigorous physical activity as an intervention for mitigating depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Behav Neurosci 19:1479326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2025.1479326","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"3064_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02688-8","volume":"34","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Gao Y, Li X, Zou Y, Ye Y, Zou Z (2025) Antidepressant treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(7):1979\u20131990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-025-02688-8","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25044-6","volume":"25","author":"S Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou S, Xu Y, Yang Y, Song H, Wang X, Yu Y (2025) Effect of exercise interventions on depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 25(1):3706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25044-6","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3064_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01951-9","volume":"12","author":"T Teng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teng T, Zhang Z, Yin B, Guo T, Wang X, Hu J et al (2022) Effect of antidepressants on functioning and quality of life outcomes in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 12(1):183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-01951-9","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03064-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03064-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03064-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:02:13Z","timestamp":1791579733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03064-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03064-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors have participated in the creation of this paper, and all have approved the final version.for submission to this publication by the corresponding author. All authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}