{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:09:01Z","timestamp":1791234541993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gaming is an increasingly common pastime activity. Gaming Disorder (GD) is characterized by excessive gaming habits, loss of control and priority of gaming resulting in negative consequences. Psychiatric symptoms have been suggested as an important factor affecting GD, yet longitudinal studies are limited. This study examined the temporal stability of GD symptoms and longitudinal comorbidity with psychiatric symptoms, from adolescence to adulthood. Self-ratings on symptoms of GD, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety and conduct disorder (CD) were collected at four waves (W1:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091834, Mean age\u2009=\u200914.40; W2:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091642, Mean age\u2009=\u200917.37; W3:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091211, Mean age\u2009=\u200920.19; W4:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091066, Mean age\u2009=\u200922.93). Linear Growth Mixture Models were used to assess trajectories of GD symptoms. Generalized Linear Mixed Models and binary logistic regression were used for investigating associations between GD trajectories and psychiatric comorbidity. Three trajectories of GD symptoms were found, \u201cLow Descending\u201d (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091436), \u201cModerate Stable\u201d (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009211) and \u201cProblematic Ascending\u201d (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200974). The \u201cModerate Stable\u201d group rated more symptoms of ADHD, anxiety and depression, whereas the \u201cProblematic Ascending\u201d group rated more symptoms of ADHD, anxiety and CD, as compared to the \u201cLow Descending\u201d group. The \u201cModerate Stable\u201d and the \u201cProblematic Ascending\u201d groups also had higher odds of reporting a diagnosed psychiatric condition. No sex-specificity were found between GD trajectories and psychiatric comorbidities, although males rated more GD symptoms. GD and psychiatric symptoms followed parallel developmental patterns, suggesting a reciprocal relationship. The findings stress the importance of identifying problematic gaming when assessing psychiatric symptoms, and vice versa, potentially important for targeted prevention and early intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03085-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:12:21Z","timestamp":1781331141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gaming disorder symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity from adolescence to early adulthood \u2013 a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Savander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Olofsdotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Vadlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"\u00c5slund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Arinell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent W.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Isaksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3085_CR1","unstructured":"Clemens J (2024) Digital video game market revenue from 2017\u20132027. Statista. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1344686\/global-digital-gaming-revenue\/"},{"key":"3085_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107219","volume":"131","author":"E Gibson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gibson E, Griffiths MD, Calado F, Harris A (2022) The relationship between videogame micro-transactions and problem gaming and gambling: A systematic review. Computers Hum Behav 131:107219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107219","journal-title":"Computers Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"3085_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2174\/157340012803520414","volume":"8","author":"MD Griffiths","year":"2012","unstructured":"Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, King DL (2012) Video game addiction: Past, present and future. Curr psych rev 8(4):308\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157340012803520414","journal-title":"Curr psych rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"3085_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0610-0","volume":"17","author":"NM Petry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petry NM, Rehbein F, Ko CH, O\u2019Brien CP (2015) Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5. Curr psych rep 17(9):72","journal-title":"Curr psych rep"},{"key":"3085_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"3085_CR6","unstructured":"WorldHealth Organization (WHO) (2021) International classification of diseases (11th Rev.). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 3.0 IGO license (CC BY-ND 3.0 IGO) https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11"},{"issue":"1","key":"3085_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317740414","volume":"25","author":"N M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6 N, Ruotsalainen H, Miettunen J, Pontes HM, K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen M (2020) Problematic gaming behaviour and health-related outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Psychol 25(1):67\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105317740414","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3085_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13754","volume":"60","author":"FW Paulus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paulus FW, Ohmann S, von Gontard A, Popow C (2018) Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 60(7):645\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.13754","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3085_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00339-3","volume":"7","author":"J Richard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richard J, Temcheff CE, Derevensky JL (2020) Gaming Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Scoping Review of Longitudinal Studies. Curr Addict Rep 7(4):561\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-020-00339-3","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"3085_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102343","volume":"106","author":"P Koncz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koncz P, Demetrovics Z, Takacs ZK, Griffiths MD, Nagy T, Kir\u00e1ly O (2023) The emerging evidence on the association between symptoms of ADHD and gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 106:102343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102343","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3085_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.014","volume":"284","author":"EG Ostinelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ostinelli EG, Zangani C, Giordano B et al (2021) Depressive symptoms and depression in individuals with internet gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 284:136\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3085_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107590","volume":"139","author":"I Ropovik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ropovik I, Marton\u010dik M, Babin\u010d\u00e1k P, Ban\u00edk G, Vargov\u00e1 L, Adamkovi\u010d M (2023) Risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder: A meta-analysis of pre-COVID studies. Addict Behav 139:107590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107590","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"3085_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00045","volume":"9","author":"J Richard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richard J, Fletcher \u00c9, Boutin S, Derevensky J, Temcheff C (2020) Conduct problems and depressive symptoms in association with problem gambling and gaming: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 9(3):497\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2020.00045","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"3085_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152376","volume":"122","author":"O Kir\u00e1ly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kir\u00e1ly O, Koncz P, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z (2023) Gaming disorder: A summary of its characteristics and aetiology. Compr Psychiatry 122:152376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152376","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3085_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041018","volume":"11","author":"M Marraudino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marraudino M, Bonaldo B, Vitiello B, Bergui GC, Panzica G (2022) Sexual Differences in Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD): From Psychological Features to Neuroanatomical Networks. J Clin Med 11(4):1018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11041018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3085_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13428","volume":"63","author":"K Konrad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konrad K, Kohls G, Baumann S et al (2022) Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 63(2):218\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13428","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3085_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101105","volume":"47","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Fang F, Arnberg FK et al (2024) Sex differences in clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders over the lifespan: a nationwide register-based study in Sweden. Lancet Reg health Europe 47:101105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101105","journal-title":"Lancet Reg health Europe"},{"key":"3085_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12250","volume":"56","author":"S Vadlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vadlin S, \u00c5slund C, Rehn M, Nilsson KW (2015) Psychometric evaluation of the adolescent and parent versions of the Gaming Addiction Identification Test (GAIT). Scand J Psychol 56:726\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.12250","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"3085_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.05.001","volume":"61","author":"S Vadlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vadlin S, \u00c5slund C, Hellstr\u00f6m C, Nilsson KW (2016) Associations between problematic gaming and psychiatric symptoms among adolescents in two samples. Addict Behav 61:8\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.05.001","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"3085_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.208","volume":"16","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL (2007) Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Intern J Methods Psychiatric Res 16(2):52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.208","journal-title":"Intern J Methods Psychiatric Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3085_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.968203","volume":"69","author":"K Sonnby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sonnby K, Skordas K, Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Nilsson KW, Ramklint M (2015) Validation of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry 69(3):216\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08039488.2014.968203","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3085_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2024.2333079","volume":"78","author":"S von Wallenberg Pachaly","year":"2024","unstructured":"von Wallenberg Pachaly S, Isaksson J, Kouros I, Ramklint M (2024) The WHO Adult ADHD self-report Scale used in a clinical sample of patients with overlapping symptoms - psychometric properties of and scoring methods for the Swedish translation. Nord J Psychiatry 78(5):382\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2024.2333079","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3085_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115583858","volume":"23","author":"S Olofsdotter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olofsdotter S, Sonnby K, Vadlin S, Furmark T, Nilsson KW (2016) Assessing Adolescent Anxiety in General Psychiatric Care: Diagnostic Accuracy of the Swedish Self-Report and Parent Versions of the Spence Children\u2019s Anxiety Scale. Assessment 23(6):744\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115583858","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"3085_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hedqvist M, Vadlin S, \u00c5slund C, Spence SH, Essau CA, Olofsdotter S (2025) Psychometric properties of the adult anxiety Scale in a Swedish community sample. Nord J Psychiatry 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2025.2520219","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2025.2520219"},{"issue":"4","key":"3085_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480307281","volume":"57","author":"P Svanborg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Svanborg P, Ekselius L (2003) Self-assessment of DSM-IV criteria for major depression in psychiatric out- and inpatients. Nord J Psychiatry 57(4):291\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039480307281","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3085_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.1956583","volume":"76","author":"K Sonnby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sonnby K, Skordas K, Vadlin S, Olofsdotter S, Nilsson KW, Ramklint M (2021) Psychometric validation of two versions of the adolescent Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS-A and DSRS-A Screener). Nord J Psychiatry 76(3):233\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2021.1956583","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3085_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.10.033","volume":"215","author":"J Isaksson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isaksson J, Vadlin S, Olofsdotter S, \u00c5slund C, Nilsson KW (2020) Psychotic-like experiences during early adolescence predict symptoms of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems three years later: A community-based study. Schizophrenia Res 215:190\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2019.10.033","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res"},{"key":"3085_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.106.s412.17.x","volume":"106","author":"H Andershed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andershed H, Kerr M, Stattin H (2002) Understanding the abnormal by studying the normal. Acta Psych Scand 106:75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0447.106.s412.17.x","journal-title":"Acta Psych Scand"},{"key":"3085_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9356-y","volume":"41","author":"C \u00c5slund","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00c5slund C, Nordquist N, Comasco E, Leppert J, Oreland L, Nilsson KW (2011) Maltreatment, MAOA, and delinquency: sex differences in gene\u2013environment interaction in a large population-based cohort of adolescents. Behav Genet 41:262\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-010-9356-y","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"3085_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236410","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1236410","volume":"15","author":"MS Mohamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohamed MS, Rukh G, Vadlin S et al (2024) Differential change in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of loneliness, socialization, and mental well-being. Front Psychiatry 15:1236410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1236410","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3085_CR31","volume-title":"Mplus: the comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers","author":"B Muthen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muthen B, Muthen L (2002) Mplus: the comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers. Muthen & Muthen, Los Angeles, CA"},{"key":"3085_CR32","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences","author":"B Muthen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muthen B (2004) Latent variable analysis: growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In: Kaplan D (ed) Handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp 345\u2013368"},{"key":"3085_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun AP, Ho CH, Kuss DJ, Cross CL (2025) The temporal stability of problematic gaming and gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Behav Rep 100592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abrep.2025.100592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2025.100592"},{"issue":"6","key":"3085_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420962851","volume":"55","author":"MW Stevens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stevens MW, Dorstyn D, Delfabbro PH, King DL (2021) Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aus NZ J Psychiatry 55(6):553\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867420962851","journal-title":"Aus NZ J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3085_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stevens MW, Dorstyn D, Delfabbro PH, King DL (2023) Corrigendum to: Stevens, MWR, Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro P H, King D L (2021) Global prevalence of gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aus & NZ J of Psychiatry, 55, 553\u2013568. Aus & NZ J Psychiatry 57(6):928-928 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867420962851","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420962851"},{"issue":"7","key":"3085_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12457","volume":"71","author":"SY Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SY, Lee HK, Choo H (2017) Typology of Internet gaming disorder and its clinical implications. Psychiatry Clin Neurosciences 71(7):479\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.12457","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"3085_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23700","DOI":"10.2196\/23700","volume":"9","author":"HY Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang HY, Cheng C (2022) The associations between gaming motivation and internet gaming disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res mental health 9(2):e23700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/23700","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res mental health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3085_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.3390\/children9101528","volume":"9","author":"L Salerno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salerno L, Becheri L, Pallanti S (2022) ADHD-gaming disorder comorbidity in children and adolescents: A narrative review. Children 9(10):1528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9101528","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"6","key":"3085_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13920","volume":"65","author":"C Skoglund","year":"2024","unstructured":"Skoglund C, Sundstr\u00f6m Poromaa I, Leksell D et al (2024) Time after time: failure to identify and support females with ADHD\u2013a Swedish population register study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 65(6):832\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13920","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3085_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00058","volume":"9","author":"CH Ko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ko CH, Kir\u00e1ly O, Demetrovics Z, Chang YM, Yen JY (2020) Identifying individuals in need of help for their uncontrolled gaming: A narrative review of concerns and comments regarding gaming disorder diagnostic criteria. J Behav Addic 9(3):572\u2013588","journal-title":"J Behav Addic"},{"key":"3085_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.12.022","volume":"110","author":"N Saiepour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saiepour N, Najman JM, Ware R, Baker P, Clavarino AM, Williams GM (2019) Does attrition affect estimates of association: a longitudinal study. J Psychiatric Res 110:127\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.12.022","journal-title":"J Psychiatric Res"},{"key":"3085_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437109","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1437109","volume":"15","author":"LB Thorell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thorell LB, Autenrieth M, Riccardi A, Bur\u00e9n J, Nutley SB (2024) Scrolling for fun or to cope? Associations between social media motives and social media disorder symptoms in adolescents and young adults. Front Psychol 15:1437109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1437109","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3085_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108345","author":"TC Petrescu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Petrescu TC, B\u0142achnio A, Enea V (2025) Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review of familial protective and risk factors. Addict Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108345","journal-title":"Addict Behav"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03085-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03085-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03085-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:12:26Z","timestamp":1781331146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03085-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["3085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03085-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board in Uppsala, Sweden (Approval number: Dnr 2012\/187) and the pre-registration of the study has been published on the Open Science Framework (\n                      \n                      ). All of the adolescents and their parents provided written informed consent to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}