{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:21:06Z","timestamp":1791501666057,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006389","name":"University of Geneva","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) markedly increases risk of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and mood disorders, and is associated with a spectrum of cognitive impairment, from borderline functioning to intellectual disability, with cognitive decline frequently reported. Despite widespread use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in 22q11DS, evidence regarding their safety, effectiveness, and potential effects on cognitive trajectories remains limited. We conducted a retrospective, observational multicenter study across nine international centers, including cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. In the cross-sectional sample of 190 SSRI-treated individuals with 22q11DS (6\u201356 years), retrospective data on SSRI type, indication, perceived effectiveness, and side effects were analyzed descriptively (40\u2013190 cases across variables). In the longitudinal analyses, intellectual quotient (IQ) trajectories were compared between 101 SSRI-treated and 213 SSRI-untreated participants (4\u201334 years) using mixed-model regression analyses. SSRIs were mainly prescribed for mood and\/or anxiety disorders (94%) and were rated as overall effective in 71% of cases with available data, with side effects reported in 25%. SSRI-treated participants exhibited stable or modestly increasing IQ trajectories, whereas SSRI-untreated participants showed decreasing trajectories over time. In exploratory analyses, concomitant psychostimulant treatment was associated with the most favorable IQ trajectories. Treatment duration, but not dosage, was positively associated with IQ change. These findings suggest that the effects of SSRI treatment in individuals with 22q11DS may extend beyond symptom management. Controlled prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03155-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T06:13:43Z","timestamp":1786083223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multicenter retrospective study on perceived effectiveness, reported side effects, and cognitive outcomes of SSRIs in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caren","family":"Latr\u00e8che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4411-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Dvojakovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2650-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Kushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatouma","family":"Mchangama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feryal","family":"Tairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1705-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8239-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeltje","family":"Spapens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieke","family":"Reijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Covadonga M.","family":"D\u00edaz-Caneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayford","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"De Troch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9229-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elfi","family":"Vergaelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annick","family":"Vogels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Swillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Vingerhoets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Boot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2055-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleur","family":"Velders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8169-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ania","family":"Fiksinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Therese","family":"van Amelsvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doron","family":"Gothelf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie E.","family":"Bearden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Chaumette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maude","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8269-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Eliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15071","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.71","volume":"1","author":"DM McDonald-McGinn","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonald-McGinn DM, Sullivan KE, Marino B et al (2015) 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1:15071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.71","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"3155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E802","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20200294","volume":"9","author":"C Blagojevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blagojevic C, Heung T, Theriault M et al (2021) Estimate of the contemporary live-birth prevalence of recurrent 22q11.2 deletions: a cross-sectional analysis from population-based newborn screening. cmajo 9:E802\u2013E809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9778\/cmajo.20200294","journal-title":"cmajo"},{"key":"3155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070864","volume":"171","author":"M Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider M, Debban\u00e9 M, Bassett AS et al (2014) Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 171:627\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070864","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01326-4","volume":"29","author":"M Mosheva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mosheva M, Korotkin L, Gur RE et al (2020) Effectiveness and side effects of psychopharmacotherapy in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with comorbid psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:1035\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01326-4","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gim.2022.11.012","volume":"25","author":"E Boot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boot E, \u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir S, Loo JCY et al (2023) Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med 25:100344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gim.2022.11.012","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"3155_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gim.2022.11.006","volume":"25","author":"S \u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir S, Boot E, Crowley TB et al (2023) Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Sci 25:100338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gim.2022.11.006","journal-title":"Genet Sci"},{"key":"3155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v64n1004","volume":"64","author":"D Gothelf","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gothelf D, Gruber R, Presburger G et al (2003) Methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 64:1163\u20131169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.v64n1004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2011.0042","volume":"21","author":"T Green","year":"2011","unstructured":"Green T, Weinberger R, Diamond A et al (2011) The Effect of Methylphenidate on Prefrontal Cognitive Functioning, Inattention, and Hyperactivity in Velocardiofacial Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21:589\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2011.0042","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3155_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab057","author":"J Maeder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maeder J, Mancini V, Sandini C et al (2021) Selective Effects of Methylphenidate on Attention and Inhibition in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Results From a Clinical Trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab057. pyab057","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61324","volume":"179","author":"J de Boer","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Boer J, Boot E, van Gils L et al (2019) Adverse effects of antipsychotic medication in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet Part A 179:2292\u20132306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.61324","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part A"},{"key":"3155_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437241293983","volume":"70","author":"L Van","year":"2025","unstructured":"Van L, Heung T, Reyes NGD et al (2025) Real-World Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adults With a 22q11.2 Microdeletion: Traitement dans le monde r\u00e9el de la schizophr\u00e9nie chez des adultes atteints du syndrome de microd\u00e9l\u00e9tion 22q11.2. Can J Psychiatry 70:160\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07067437241293983","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554645","volume":"48","author":"E Boot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boot E, Butcher NJ, Vorstman Ja. S, et al (2015) Pharmacological treatment of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome-related psychoses. Pharmacopsychiatry 48:219\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1554645","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0075","volume":"27","author":"N Dori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dori N, Green T, Weizman A, Gothelf D (2017) The Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Medications in Individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 27:83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2014.0075","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3155_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2011.01.005","volume":"20","author":"AC Stachon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stachon AC, De Souza C (2011) Anxiety Disorders and Perceptual Disturbances in Adolescents with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Treated with SSRI: A Case Series. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:305\u2013310","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.020","volume":"141","author":"L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu L, Lv X, Zhou S et al (2021) The effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cognitive impairment in patients with depression: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. J Psychiatr Res 141:26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3155_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.08.009","volume":"97","author":"VH Dam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dam VH, K\u00f6hler-Forsberg K, Ozenne B et al (2025) Effect of Antidepressant Treatment on 5-HT4 Receptor Binding and Associations With Clinical Outcomes and Verbal Memory in Major Depressive Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 97:261\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.08.009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02221-9","volume":"33","author":"B Pedruzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pedruzo B, Aymerich C, Pacho M et al (2024) Longitudinal change in neurocognitive functioning in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:3377\u20133387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-023-02221-9","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001824","volume":"49","author":"AM Fiksinski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Lee YJ et al (2019) Neurocognition and adaptive functioning in a genetic high risk model of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 49:1047\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718001824","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latr\u00e8che C, Maeder J, Mancini V et al (2022) Altered developmental trajectories of verbal learning skills in 22q11.2DS: associations with hippocampal development and psychosis. Psychol Med 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291722001842","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001842"},{"key":"3155_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9141-1","volume":"8","author":"J Maeder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maeder J, Schneider M, Bostelmann M et al (2016) Developmental trajectories of executive functions in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neurodevelop Disord 8:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-016-9141-1","journal-title":"J Neurodevelop Disord"},{"key":"3155_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-00988-6","volume":"47","author":"AM Fiksinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fiksinski AM, Bearden CE, Bassett AS et al (2022) A normative chart for cognitive development in a genetically selected population. Neuropsychopharmacology 47:1379\u20131386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-021-00988-6","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3155_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.40359","volume":"176","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Guo T, Fiksinski A et al (2018) Variance of IQ is partially dependent on deletion type among 1,427 22q11.2 deletion syndrome subjects. Am J Med Genet A 176:2172\u20132181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.40359","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"3155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2671","volume":"72","author":"JAS Vorstman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vorstman JAS, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN et al (2015) Cognitive Decline Preceding the Onset of Psychosis in Patients With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry 72:377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2671","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.10.010","volume":"48","author":"R Weinberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weinberger R, Weisman O, Guri Y et al (2018) The interaction between neurocognitive functioning, subthreshold psychotic symptoms and pharmacotherapy in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A longitudinal comparative study. Eur psychiatr 48:20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.10.010","journal-title":"Eur psychiatr"},{"key":"3155_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01456-x","volume":"11","author":"V Mancini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mancini V, Maeder J, Bortolin K et al (2021) Long-term effects of early treatment with SSRIs on cognition and brain development in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 11:336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01456-x","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0314-y","volume":"44","author":"RC Spencer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spencer RC, Berridge CW (2019) Receptor and circuit mechanisms underlying differential procognitive actions of psychostimulants. Neuropsychopharmacology 44:1820\u20131827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0314-y","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3155_CR27","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence \u2014Revised","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1989) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence \u2014Revised. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"3155_CR28","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2014Third Edition","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2002) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2014Third Edition. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"3155_CR29","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third edition. Manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1991) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third edition. Manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"3155_CR30","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2003) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"3155_CR31","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth edition","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2014) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth edition. Pearson, Bloomington, MN"},{"key":"3155_CR32","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Revised","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1974) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Revised. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"3155_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1997) Wechsler adult intelligence scale, 3rd edition. Administration and scoring manual., The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX","DOI":"10.1037\/t49755-000"},{"key":"3155_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2008) Wechsler adult intelligence scale, 4th edition. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX","DOI":"10.1037\/t15169-000"},{"key":"3155_CR35","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1999) Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"3155_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2011) Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence\u2013second edition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t15171-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"3155_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04513","volume":"440","author":"P Shaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J et al (2006) Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature 440:676\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04513","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3155_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30385-3","volume":"388","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Zhou X, Giovane CD et al (2016) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 388:881\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30385-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3155_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pillinger T, Arumuham A, McCutcheon RA, et al (2025) The effects of antidepressants on cardiometabolic and other physiological parameters: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 406(10515):2063\u20132077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01293-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01293-0"},{"key":"3155_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001630","volume":"53","author":"NP Gosmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gosmann NP, Costa M, de Jaeger A B, et al (2023) Incidence of adverse events and comparative tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychol Med 53:3783\u20133792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291723001630","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3155_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22854","volume":"36","author":"E Jakubovski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jakubovski E, Johnson JA, Nasir M et al (2019) Systematic review and meta-analysis: Dose\u2013response curve of SSRIs and SNRIs in anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 36:198\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22854","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3155_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6369","volume":"329","author":"EA O\u2019Connor","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor EA, Henninger ML, Perdue LA et al (2023) Anxiety Screening: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 329:2171\u20132184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.6369","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3155_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00100-2","volume":"12","author":"SE Neil-Sztramko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neil-Sztramko SE, Levy A, Flint AJ et al (2025) Pharmacological treatment of anxiety in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 12:421\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00100-2","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5407","volume":"31","author":"R Sendor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sendor R, St\u00fcrmer T (2022) Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: Confounding by indication and the role of active comparators. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 31:261\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.5407","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"3155_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000376","volume":"17","author":"LJM Evers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Evers LJM, Curfs LMG, Bakker JA et al (2014) Serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic markers are related to cognitive function in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 17:1159\u20131165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1461145714000376","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3155_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206736","volume":"100","author":"E Benarroch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benarroch E (2023) What Are Current Concepts on the Functional Organization of the Locus Coeruleus and Its Role in Cognition and Neurodegeneration? Neurology 100:132\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206736","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3155_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0152-y","volume":"21","author":"JD Berke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berke JD (2018) What does dopamine mean? Nat Neurosci 21:787\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0152-y","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3155_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.12.006","volume":"23","author":"T Ott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ott T, Nieder A (2019) Dopamine and Cognitive Control in Prefrontal Cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 23:213\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2018.12.006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"3155_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00901-1","volume":"172","author":"E Esposito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esposito E, Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G (2008) Serotonin-dopamine interaction: an overview. Prog Brain Res 172:3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00901-1","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"3155_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004","volume":"151","author":"P De Deurwaerd\u00e8re","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Deurwaerd\u00e8re P, Di Giovanni G (2017) Serotonergic modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems: Therapeutic implications. Prog Neurobiol 151:175\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"3155_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0316-x","volume":"25","author":"T Shuto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuto T, Kuroiwa M, Sotogaku N et al (2020) Obligatory roles of dopamine D1 receptors in the dentate gyrus in antidepressant actions of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine. Mol Psychiatry 25:1229\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0316-x","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.121","volume":"36","author":"R Cools","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cools R, Nakamura K, Daw ND (2011) Serotonin and Dopamine: Unifying Affective, Activational, and Decision Functions. Neuropsychopharmacol 36:98\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2010.121","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3155_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0839","volume":"82","author":"A Mkrtchian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mkrtchian A, Qiu Z, Abir Y et al (2025) Differential Associations of Dopamine and Serotonin With Reward and Punishment Processes in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 82:818\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0839","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3155_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08412-x","volume":"639","author":"DF Cardozo Pinto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cardozo Pinto DF, Pomrenze MB, Guo MY et al (2025) Opponent control of reinforcement by striatal dopamine and serotonin. Nature 639:143\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08412-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3155_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007","volume":"20","author":"AA Kehagia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kehagia AA, Murray GK, Robbins TW (2010) Learning and cognitive flexibility: frontostriatal function and monoaminergic modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 20:199\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"3155_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31774","volume":"184","author":"E Goldmuntz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldmuntz E (2020) 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet 184:64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.c.31774","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"3155_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg-2025-110624","author":"C Sauter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sauter C, Hofbeck M, Franz P et al (2025) Congenital heart disease in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. J Med Genet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg-2025-110624","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"3155_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972420","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.972420","volume":"13","author":"C Latr\u00e8che","year":"2022","unstructured":"Latr\u00e8che C, Maeder J, Mancini V et al (2022) Effects of risperidone on psychotic symptoms and cognitive functions in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Results from a clinical trial. Front Psychiatry 13:972420","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03155-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03155-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03155-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T06:13:46Z","timestamp":1786083226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03155-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["3155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03155-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All disclosures listed below are outside the submitted work. CA has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Abbot, Acadia, Ambrosetti, Angelini, Biogen, BMS, Boehringer, Carnot, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Medscape, Menarini, Minerva, Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, Rovi, Sage, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovion, Takeda and Teva; BC has received speaking fees from Janssen-Cilag, Eisai, and Otsuka-Lundbeck. BC also supervises a PhD student supported by a CIFRE fellowship awarded by the French National Association for Research and Technology (ANRT), in collaboration with the company Eurofins Biomnis; CMDC has received honoraria or travel support from Janssen, Johnson&amp;Johnson, and Viatris.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}