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Importantly, poor self-regulation may be a cause of aberrant reward processing, but most of the evidence about their association is cross-sectional or limited to adults and clinical samples of children. Therefore, understanding how the development of self-regulation in childhood may be associated with reward processing in adolescence in the general population is crucial. We used longitudinal data from 13,240 (49.7% females, 83.4% White) participants of the Millennium Cohort Study, a UK nationally-representative birth cohort. Reward processing (ages 11 and 14) was measured using the Cambridge Gambling Task, while self-regulation was assessed at ages 3, 5 and 7 with the Child Social Behaviour Questionnaire. Parallel-process latent growth curve models adjusted for confounding showed that greater early emotional dysregulation predicted more delay aversion and less risk adjustment, while increasing independence self-regulation over time was associated with less deliberation time and greater quality of decision-making in adolescence. Findings suggest that early emotional dysregulation and increasing independence self-regulation may increase and decrease, respectively, risk for poorer decision-making in adolescence, emphasising potential avenues for early intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03169-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:27:50Z","timestamp":1787729270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trajectories of self-regulation in childhood and reward processing in adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bentivegna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstathios","family":"Papachristou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Flouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640701884287","volume":"33","author":"L Van Leijenhorst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Leijenhorst L, Westenberg PM, Crone EA (2008) A developmental study of risky decisions on the cake gambling task: Age and gender analyses of probability estimation and reward evaluation. 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