{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:06:33Z","timestamp":1789556793323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMH-103145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMH-103145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03170-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:45:24Z","timestamp":1789555524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of developmental change in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a 25-year prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0902-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen J.","family":"Mathewson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina A.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","volume":"135","author":"R Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J et al (2015) Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 135(4):e994\u2013e1001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9481","key":"3170_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2","volume":"366","author":"J Biederman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biederman J, Faraone SV (2005) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 366(9481):237\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500471X","volume":"36","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 36(2):159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329170500471X","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04009","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","volume":"11","author":"P Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song P, Zha M, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Rudan I (2021) The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 11:04009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","volume":"49","author":"N Salari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salari N, Ghasemi H, Abdoli N et al (2023) The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital J Pediatr 49(1):48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"3170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115449","volume":"328","author":"G Ayano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayano G, Tsegay L, Gizachew Y et al (2023) Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Umbrella review of evidence generated across the globe. Psychiatry Res 328:115449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115449","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.005","volume":"65","author":"C Lara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lara C, Fayyad J, de Graaf R et al (2009) Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey initiative. Biol Psychiatry 65(1):46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.009","volume":"45","author":"J Biederman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biederman J, Petty CR, Clarke A et al (2011) Predictors of persistent ADHD: An 11-year follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res 45(2):150\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.009","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0403","volume":"67","author":"J Biederman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ et al (2006) Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry 67(4):524\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.v67n0403","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/jmft.12475","volume":"47","author":"BT Wymbs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wymbs BT, Canu WH, Sacchetti GM et al (2021) Adult ADHD and romantic relationships: What we know and what we can do to help. J Marital Fam Ther 47(3):664\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jmft.12475","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00495-0","volume":"10","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Bellgrove MA, Brikell I et al (2024) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis 10(1):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-024-00495-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis"},{"key":"3170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allely CS (2014) The association of ADHD symptoms to self-harm behaviours: a systematic PRISMA review. BMC Psychi 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-133","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-133"},{"key":"3170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105209","volume":"151","author":"CA Hartman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hartman CA, Larsson H, Vos M et al (2023) Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A substantive and methodological overview. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 151:105209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105209","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","volume":"128","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D et al (2021) The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 128:789\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02516-5","volume":"34","author":"L Carter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carter L, Speyer L, Caye A et al (2024) Late adolescent outcomes of different developmental trajectories of ADHD symptoms in a large longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(2):709\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02516-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000112","volume":"125","author":"TR Sasser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sasser TR, Kalvin CB, Bierman KL (2016) Developmental trajectories of clinically significant attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms from grade 3 through 12 in a high-risk sample: Predictors and outcomes. J Abnorm Psychol 125(2):207\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000112","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01926.x","volume":"49","author":"JM Halperin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halperin JM, Trampush JW, Miller CJ et al (2008) Neuropsychological outcome in adolescents\/young adults with childhood ADHD: profiles of persisters, remitters and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(9):958\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01926.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3170_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0070-0","volume":"24","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Larsson H (2019) Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 24(4):562\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0070-0","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3170_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13480","volume":"63","author":"SP Hinshaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hinshaw SP, Nguyen PT, O\u2019Grady SM et al (2022) Annual Research Review: Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 63(4):484\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13480","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16","key":"3170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003015","volume":"50","author":"JC Agnew-Blais","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A et al (2020) Are changes in ADHD course reflected in differences in IQ and executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood? Psychol Med 50(16):2799\u20132808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719003015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3170_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3","volume":"47","author":"AE Russell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russell AE, Ford T, Williams R et al (2016) The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47(3):440\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3170_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12140","volume":"55","author":"H Larsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Larsson H, Sariaslan A, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N et al (2014) Family income in early childhood and subsequent attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a quasi-experimental study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(5):428\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12140","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3170_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.05.027","volume":"55","author":"A Roy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roy A, Hechtman L, Arnold LE et al (2016) Childhood factors affecting persistence and desistence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adulthood: Results from the MTA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 55(11):937\u2013944e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.05.027","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3170_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-023-01605-2","volume":"25","author":"BS Maher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maher BS, Bitsko RH, Claussen AH et al (2024) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between exposure to parental substance use and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prev Sci 25(Suppl 2):291\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-023-01605-2","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01193-w","volume":"22","author":"SG Craig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Craig SG, Bondi BC, O\u2019Donnell KA et al (2020) ADHD and exposure to maltreatment in children and youth: a systematic review of the past 10 years. Curr Psychiatry Rep 22(12):79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-020-01193-w","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3170_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01358-4","volume":"25","author":"AH Claussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Claussen AH, Holbrook JR, Hutchins HJ et al (2024) All in the family? A systematic review and meta-analysis of parenting and family environment as risk factors for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Prev Sci 25(Suppl 2):249\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01358-4","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2011.540538","volume":"36","author":"PJ Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson PJ, De Luca CR, Hutchinson E et al (2011) Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm\/extremely low birth weight children. Dev Neuropsychol 36(1):57\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565641.2011.540538","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-91","volume":"10","author":"K Heinonen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heinonen K, R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen K, Pesonen A-K et al (2010) Behavioural symptoms of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in preterm and term children born small and appropriate for gestational age: A longitudinal study. BMC Pediatr 10(1):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-10-91","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"3170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0191-8","volume":"8","author":"M Tandon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tandon M, Tillman R, Agrawal A et al (2016) Trajectories of ADHD severity over 10 years from childhood into adulthood. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 8(3):121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12402-016-0191-8","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"3170_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800210078012","volume":"44","author":"MH Boyle","year":"1987","unstructured":"Boyle MH, Offord DR, Hofmann HG et al (1987) Ontario Child Health Study: I. Methodology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44(9):826\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800210078012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00979.x","volume":"34","author":"MH Boyle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine Y et al (1993) Evaluation of the Revised Ontario Child Health Study scales. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34(2):189\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00979.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3170_CR32","unstructured":"Achenbach TM (1991) Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont"},{"key":"3170_CR33","volume-title":"DSM Guide for the ASEBA","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Achenbach TM (2013) DSM Guide for the ASEBA. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families, Burlington, VT"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00236.x","volume":"30","author":"P Szatmari","year":"1989","unstructured":"Szatmari P, Offord DR, Boyle MH (1989) Ontario Child Health Study: Prevalence of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 30(2):219\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00236.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3170_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-007-0027-3","volume":"10","author":"JS Owens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Owens JS, Goldfine ME, Evangelista NM et al (2007) A critical review of self-perceptions and the positive illusory bias in children with ADHD. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 10(4):335\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-007-0027-3","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3170_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004454","volume-title":"The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Revised","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1974) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Revised. Psychological Corporation, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579400004454"},{"key":"3170_CR37","volume-title":"Williams Intelligence Test for Children with Defective Vision","author":"M Williams","year":"1956","unstructured":"Williams M (1956) Williams Intelligence Test for Children with Defective Vision. NFER Publishing Company Ltd., Windsor, England"},{"key":"3170_CR38","volume-title":"The two-factor index of social position","author":"AB Hollingshead","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hollingshead AB (1969) The two-factor index of social position. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"key":"3170_CR39","volume-title":"The Structure of Psychological Well-Being","author":"NM Bradburn","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bradburn NM (1969) The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. Aldine, Chicago"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511416462","volume":"27","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanaka M, Wekerle C, Leung E et al (2012) Preliminary valuation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence Questionnaire Short Form. J Interpers Violence 27(2):396\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260511416462","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","volume":"45","author":"J Hardt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hardt J, Rutter M (2004) Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45(2):260\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3170_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12621","volume":"57","author":"A Reuben","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reuben A, Moffitt TE, Caspi A et al (2016) Lest we forget: comparing retrospective and prospective assessments of adverse childhood experiences in the prediction of adult health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57(10):1103\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12621","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3170_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221082152","volume":"24","author":"F Meinck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meinck F, Neelakantan L, Steele B et al (2023) Measuring violence against children: A COSMIN systematic review of the psychometric properties of child and adolescent self-report measures. Trauma Violence Abuse 24(3):1832\u20131847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221082152","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"3170_CR44","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n B (1998\u20132025) Mplus (Version 8.8) [computer software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n"},{"issue":"6","key":"3170_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1221313","volume":"23","author":"K Nylund-Gibson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nylund-Gibson K, Masyn KE (2016) Covariates and mixture modeling: results of a simulation study exploring the impact of misspecified effects on class enumeration. Struct Equ Model 23(6):782\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2016.1221313","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"3170_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang X (2020) Structural equation modeling: applications using Mplus, 2nd edn. Wiley","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119422730"},{"issue":"3","key":"3170_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","volume":"21","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n B (2014) Auxiliary Variables in Mixture Modeling: Three-Step Approaches Using Mplus. Struct Equ Model 21(3):329\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530","volume":"60","author":"JW Graham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Graham JW (2009) Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annu Rev Psychol 60(1):549\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"3170_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000563","author":"CK Enders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enders CK (2023) Missing data: An update on the state of the art. Psychol Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000563","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"3170_CR50","unstructured":"Brown TA (2015) Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research, 2nd edn. The Guilford Press"},{"issue":"2","key":"3170_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB (2002) Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model 9(2):233\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"3170_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seddig D, Leitg\u00f6b H (2018) Exact and bayesian approximate measurement invariance. In Billiet J, Meuleman B, Schmidt P, Davidov E (Eds), Cross-Cultural Analysis (2nd edn, pp 553\u2013570). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315537078-20","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315537078-20"},{"issue":"4","key":"3170_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.379","volume":"176","author":"KM Connor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Churchill LE et al (2000) Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. Br J Psychiatry 176(4):379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.176.4.379","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x","volume":"27","author":"J Byles","year":"1988","unstructured":"Byles J, Byrne C, Boyle MH et al (1988) Ontario Child Health Study: Reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Fam Process 27(1):97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"issue":"20","key":"3170_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH et al (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(20):22\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3170_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01659-0","volume":"54","author":"RA Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez RA, V\u00e9lez-Pastrana MC, McCrory E et al (2019) Evidence of concurrent and prospective associations between early maltreatment and ADHD through childhood and adolescence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 54(6):671\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-019-01659-0","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3170_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.06.006","volume":"34","author":"R Thompson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thompson R, Tabone JK (2010) The impact of early alleged maltreatment on behavioral trajectories. Child Abuse Negl 34(12):907\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.06.006","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"12","key":"3170_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001021","volume":"46","author":"AJ Capusan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Capusan AJ, Kuja-Halkola R, Bendtsen P et al (2016) Childhood maltreatment and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults: a large twin study. Psychol Med 46(12):2637\u20132646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716001021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3170_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13659","volume":"63","author":"JC Agnew-Blais","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agnew-Blais JC, Wertz J, Arseneault L et al (2022) Mother\u2019s and children\u2019s ADHD genetic risk, household chaos and children\u2019s ADHD symptoms: A gene\u2013environment correlation study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 63(10):1153\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13659","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3170_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9439-7","volume":"20","author":"J Theule","year":"2011","unstructured":"Theule J, Wiener J, Rogers MA et al (2011) Predicting parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: Parent and contextual factors. J Child Fam Stud 20(5):640\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-010-9439-7","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"3170_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0213-1","volume":"45","author":"RP Breaux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Breaux RP, Brown HR, Harvey EA (2017) Mediators and moderators of the relation between parental ADHD symptomatology and the early development of child ADHD and ODD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 45(3):443\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-016-0213-1","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242","volume":"16","author":"PD Zelazo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zelazo PD (2020) Executive function and psychopathology: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 16(1):431\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3170_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414001485","volume":"28","author":"MD Guendelman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guendelman MD, Owens EB, Gal\u00e1n C et al (2016) Early-adult correlates of maltreatment in girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Increased risk for internalizing symptoms and suicidality. Dev Psychopathol 28(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579414001485","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3170_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579424000981","volume":"36","author":"SP Hinshaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hinshaw SP, Porter PA, Ahmad SI (2024) Developmental psychopathology turns 50: Applying core principles to longitudinal investigation of ADHD in girls and efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination. Dev Psychopathol 36(5):2570\u20132584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579424000981","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03170-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03170-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03170-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:45:28Z","timestamp":1789555528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03170-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["3170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03170-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}