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A study commissioned by the European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP) Policy Division in collaboration with ESCAP executive board. A questionnaire was distributed to representatives of 36 ESCAP member countries aiming to obtain an overview of coercive measures used, with a focus on regulation and use of mechanical and physical restraint, and seclusion. The survey received 35 responses, covering 24 countries. Data was analysed to identify common themes and notable differences in legislative approaches. Most participating countries lack legislation specifically tailored for minors regarding coercive measures, applying the same standards as adults. Legal conditions for the use of restraint or seclusion generally emphasise imminent danger to self or others. Only six of the 24 countries set a maximum duration for coercive practices, with re-assessment requirements varying from 15 min for restraints to intervals of up to three weeks for seclusion. The study also reveals ethical concerns around the use of coercive measures and highlights discrepancies between legal frameworks and clinical practice across countries. The findings highlight a need for further discussions on shared guidelines to promote ethical and consistent application of coercive measures for minors in European mental health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03185-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1791459945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Legislative differences regarding coercive measures in mental health care for children and adolescents across European countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1966-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konsta","family":"Hakala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8975-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tja\u0161a","family":"Vraneti\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Moell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg M.","family":"Fegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8632-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja Drobni\u010d","family":"Radobuljac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Vermeiren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2783-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riittakerttu","family":"Kaltiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ESCAP Coercion and Restraint Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3185_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2014) General comment No. 1 (2014): Article 12: Equal recognition before the law (CRPD\/C\/GC\/1). 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All respondents were informed of the study\u2019s purpose and gave explicit consent to participate. In accordance with the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, which exempts such research from formal ethical review, no ethics committee approval was sought. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All respondents were informed of the purpose of the study and gave explicit consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}