{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:47:44Z","timestamp":1792144064020,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AA032229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AA032229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH134886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH134886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA057552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA057552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gene-environment correlations (rGE) present challenges for accurately estimating the individual and joint contributions of genetic and environmental influences on risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders. The present study examined rGE between polygenic risk scores (PGS) for psychiatric and substance use disorders and environmental exposures (i.e., exposome factors) using multi-level data spanning youth- and parent-reports, as well as objective measures of the built environment. Participants included 4,797 genetically similar to European reference populations, 1,585 genetically similar to African reference populations, and 2,012 genetically similar to Admixed American reference populations from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The ABCD study was conducted at 21 sites across the U.S and used a stratified probability sampling design to ensure the cohort recruited was demographically diverse. Based on factor-analytic work conducted by Moore et al. (2022) in the ABCD study, the exposome included 6 factors: household adversity, neighborhood adversity, positive day-to-day experiences, state conservatism\/ruralness, family values, and pregnancy\/birth complications. Disorder-specific PGS for psychiatric (e.g., major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and substance use conditions (e.g., alcohol use disorders, cannabis use disorders), as well as PGS for common liability for externalizing and general substance use disorders, were used to examine genetic associations with the exposome factors. After adjusting for participant sex, age, log income-to-needs ratio, and genetic ancestry principal components, higher PGS for psychiatric (e.g., broad externalizing liability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and substance use disorders (e.g., general substance use disorders, cannabis use disorder) were positively associated with household adversity and negatively associated with positive day-to-day experiences. Our results indicate that polygenic risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders correlate with environmental factors in adolescence at multiple levels, most notably household adversity and positive day-to-day experiences. Findings underscore the importance of investigating rGE when examining these environmental exposures with genetic risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-026-03201-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:52:40Z","timestamp":1792133560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychiatric and substance use disorder polygenic scores are associated with the exposome in youth"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"I.-Tzu","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel S.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Sosnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia W.","family":"Felton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Barzilay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Visoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brion S.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill A.","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.12.016","volume":"52","author":"K Naicker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naicker K, Galambos NL, Zeng Y, Senthilselvan A, Colman I (2013) Social, demographic, and health outcomes in the 10 years following adolescent depression. J Adolesc Health 52(5):533\u2013538","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"3201_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0730","volume":"72","author":"WE Copeland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Copeland WE, Wolke D, Shanahan L, Costello EJ (2015) Adult functional outcomes of common childhood psychiatric problems: a prospective, longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiat 72(9):892\u2013899","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12371","volume":"56","author":"EJ Costello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costello EJ, Maughan B (2015) Annual research review: optimal outcomes of child and adolescent mental illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56(3):324\u2013341","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1496-z","volume":"53","author":"J Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies J, Sullivan S, Zammit S (2018) Adverse life outcomes associated with adolescent psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 53(5):497\u2013507","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500471X","volume":"36","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 36(2):159\u2013165","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029451","volume":"80","author":"SP Hinshaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hinshaw SP, Owens EB, Zalecki C, Huggins SP, Montenegro-Nevado AJ, Schrodek E, Swanson EN (2012) Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury. J Consult Clin Psychol 80(6):1041\u20131051","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702612457599","volume":"1","author":"P Rohde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Seeley JR, Gau JM (2013) Key characteristics of major depressive disorder occurring in childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood. Clin Psychol Sci 1(1):41\u201353","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02590-4","volume":"13","author":"MR Steinfeld","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steinfeld MR, Torregrossa MM (2023) Consequences of adolescent drug use. Transl Psychiatry 13(1):313","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.04.003","volume":"28","author":"H Ask","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ask H, Torgersen S, Seglem KB, Waaktaar T (2014) Genetic and environmental causes of variation in adolescent anxiety symptoms: a multiple-rater twin study. J Anxiety Disord 28(4):363\u2013371","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3201_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00183","volume":"44","author":"AL Glowinski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glowinski AL, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Lynskey MT, Heath AC (2003) Genetic epidemiology of self-reported lifetime DSM-IV major depressive disorder in a population-based twin sample of female adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44(7):988\u2013996","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0091-y","volume":"19","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Scherag A, Schimmelmann BG, Hinney A (2010) Child and adolescent psychiatric genetics. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19(3):259\u2013279","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002275","volume":"30","author":"EC Nelson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nelson EC, Grant JD, Bucholz KK, Glowinski A, Madden PAF, Reich W, Heath AC (2000) Social phobia in a population-based female adolescent twin sample: co-morbidity and associated suicide-related symptoms. Psychol Med 30(4):797\u2013804","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9066-7","volume":"36","author":"SE Young","year":"2006","unstructured":"Young SE, Rhee SH, Stallings MC, Corley RP, Hewitt JK (2006) Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific? Behav Genet 36(4):603\u2013615","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.287","volume":"70","author":"Z Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, Asherson PJ, Larsson H (2013) Developmental twin study of attention problems: high heritabilities throughout development. JAMA Psychiat 70(3):311\u2013318","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9310-z","volume":"40","author":"FL Coolidge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coolidge FL, Segal DL, Coolidge CM, Spinath FM, Gottschling J (2010) Do nightmares and generalized anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence have a common genetic origin? Behav Genet 40(3):349\u2013356","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0055-z","volume":"24","author":"T Horwitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horwitz T, Lam K, Chen Y, Xia Y, Liu C (2019) A decade in psychiatric GWAS research. Mol Psychiatry 24(3):378\u2013389","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.05.034","volume":"89","author":"BML Baselmans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baselmans BML, Yengo L, van Rheenen W, Wray NR (2021) Risk in relatives, heritability, SNP-based heritability, and genetic correlations in psychiatric disorders: a review. Biol Psychiatry 89(1):11\u201319","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"3201_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000969","volume":"51","author":"JD Deak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deak JD, Johnson EC (2021) Genetics of substance use disorders: a review. Psychol Med 51(13):2189\u20132200","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.03.020","volume":"61","author":"WA Akingbuwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akingbuwa WA, Hammerschlag AR, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM (2022) Systematic review: molecular studies of common genetic variation in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 61(2):227\u2013242","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3201_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127","volume":"97","author":"K Petruccelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petruccelli K, Davis J, Berman T (2019) Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl 97:104127","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3201_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101933","volume":"83","author":"M Peverill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peverill M, Dirks MA, Narvaja T, Herts KL, Comer JS, McLaughlin KA (2021) Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Clin Psychol Rev 83:101933","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"3201_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0499-1","volume":"25","author":"K Cheung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheung K, Theule J (2016) Parental psychopathology in families of children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Child Fam Stud 25(12):3451\u20133461","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.04.001","volume":"18","author":"T Lorenc","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lorenc T, Clayton S, Neary D, Whitehead M, Petticrew M, Thomson H, Cummins S, Sowden A, Renton A (2012) Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: mapping review of theories and causal pathways. Health Place 18(4):757\u2013765","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"3201_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114106","volume":"282","author":"G Baranyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baranyi G, Di Marco MH, Russ TC, Dibben C, Pearce J (2021) The impact of neighbourhood crime on mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 282:114106","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"3201_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9258-4","volume":"44","author":"SM Chilenski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chilenski SM, Greenberg MT (2009) The importance of the community context in the epidemiology of early adolescent substance use and delinquency in a rural sample. Am J Community Psychol 44(3\u20134):287\u2013301","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009524","volume":"37","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Baker JH (2007) Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychol Med 37(5):615\u2013626","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3201_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12134","volume":"54","author":"JT Nigg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nigg JT (2013) Commentary: gene by environment interplay and psychopathology\u2013in search of a paradigm. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(10):1150\u20131152","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89020-x","volume":"11","author":"ET Akimova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akimova ET, Breen R, Brazel DM, Mills MC (2021) Gene-environment dependencies lead to collider bias in models with polygenic scores. Sci Rep 11(1):9457","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001950","volume":"12","author":"SR Jaffee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jaffee SR, Price TS (2007) Gene-environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Mol Psychiatry 12(5):432\u2013442","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3201_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12579","volume":"57","author":"SR Moore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moore SR, Thoemmes F (2016) What is the biological reality of gene-environment interaction estimates? An assessment of bias in developmental models. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57(11):1258\u20131267","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-014-9673-7","volume":"44","author":"R Plomin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plomin R (2014) Genotype-environment correlation in the era of DNA. Behav Genet 44(6):629\u2013638","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0055-3","volume":"2","author":"BS Maher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maher BS (2015) \u2018Polygenic scores in epidemiology: risk prediction, etiology, and clinical utility.\u2019 Curr Epidemiol Rep 2(4):239\u2013244","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3201_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.10.016","volume":"87","author":"K Lehto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehto K, H\u00e4gg S, Lu D, Karlsson R, Pedersen NL, Mosing MA (2020) Childhood adoption and mental health in adulthood: the role of gene-environment correlations and interactions in the UK Biobank. Biol Psychiatry 87(8):708\u2013716","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32755","volume":"183","author":"JBM Ensink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ensink JBM, de Moor MHM, Zafarmand MH, de Laat S, Uitterlinden A, Vrijkotte TGM, Lindauer R, Middeldorp CM (2020) Maternal environmental risk factors and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood: the complex role of genetic factors. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 183(1):17\u201325","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01727-4","volume":"31","author":"K Bolhuis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bolhuis K, Steenkamp LR, Blanken LME, Neumann A, Jansen PR, Hillegers MHJ, Cecil CAM, Tiemeier H, Kushner SA (2022) Schizophrenia polygenic risk is associated with child mental health problems through early childhood adversity: evidence for a gene-environment correlation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31(3):529\u2013539","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02247-8","volume":"12","author":"S Machlitt-Northen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Machlitt-Northen S, Keers R, Munroe PB, Howard DM, Pluess M (2022) Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and major depression are associated with socio-economic indicators of adversity in two British community samples. Transl Psychiatry 12(1):477","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000757","volume":"131","author":"C Feurer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feurer C, McGeary JE, Brick LA, Knopik VS, Carper MM, Palmer RH, Gibb BE (2022) Associations between depression-relevant genetic risk and youth stress exposure: evidence of gene\u2013environment correlations. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 131(5):457","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214256","volume":"75","author":"ER Sund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sund ER, Van Lenthe FJ, Avendano M, Raina P, Krokstad S (2021) Does urbanicity modify the relationship between a polygenic risk score for depression and mental health symptoms? Cross-sectional evidence from the observational HUNT study in Norway. J Epidemiol Community Health 75(5):420\u2013425","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12245","volume":"21","author":"TK Clarke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clarke TK, Smith AH, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Farrer LA, Hall LS, Fernandez\u2010Pujals AM, MacIntyre DJ, Smith BH, Hocking LJ (2016) Polygenic risk for alcohol dependence associates with alcohol consumption, cognitive function and social deprivation in a population\u2010based cohort. Addict Biol 21(2):469\u2013480","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01024-5","volume":"51","author":"L de la Paz","year":"2023","unstructured":"de la Paz L, Mooney MA, Ryabinin P, Neighbor C, Antovich D, Nigg JT, Nikolas MA (2023) Youth polygenic scores, youth ADHD symptoms, and parenting dimensions: an evocative gene-environment correlation study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51(5):665\u2013677","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457942100081X","volume":"35","author":"JA Pasman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pasman JA, Smit K, Vollebergh WAM, Nolte IM, Hartman CA, Abdellaoui A, Verweij KJH, Maciejewski D, Vink JM (2023) Interplay between genetic risk and the parent environment in adolescence and substance use in young adulthood: a TRAILS study. Dev Psychopathol 35(1):396\u2013409","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-021-10067-7","volume":"51","author":"SI Kuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuo SI, Salvatore JE, Barr PB, Aliev F, Anokhin A, Bucholz KK, Chan G, Edenberg HJ, Hesselbrock V, Kamarajan C, Kramer JR, Lai D, Mallard TT, Nurnberger JI Jr., Pandey G, Plawecki MH, Sanchez-Roige S, Waldman I, Palmer AA, Dick DM (2021) Mapping pathways by which genetic risk influences adolescent externalizing behavior: the interplay between externalizing polygenic risk scores, parental knowledge, and peer substance use. Behav Genet 51(5):543\u2013558","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"3201_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456","volume":"14","author":"CP Wild","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wild CP (2005) Complementing the genome with an \u201cexposome\u201d: the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(8):1847\u20131850","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/exposome\/osac010","volume":"2","author":"TM Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore TM, Visoki E, Argabright ST, Didomenico GE, Sotelo I, Wortzel JD, Naeem A, Gur RC, Gur RE, Warrier V, Guloksuz S, Barzilay R (2022) Modeling environment through a general exposome factor in two independent adolescent cohorts. Exposome 2(1):osac010","journal-title":"Exposome"},{"key":"3201_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010","volume":"32","author":"DM Barch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barch DM, Albaugh MD, Avenevoli S, Chang L, Clark DB, Glantz MD, Hudziak JJ, Jernigan TL, Tapert SF, Yurgelun-Todd D, Alia-Klein N, Potter AS, Paulus MP, Prouty D, Zucker RA, Sher KJ (2018) Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: rationale and description. Dev Cogn Neurosci 32:55\u201366","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3201_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17101174","volume":"175","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Boyle M (2018) Neuroscience of addiction: relevance to prevention and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 175(8):729\u2013740","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3201_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/exposome\/osac010","author":"TM Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore TM, Visoki E, Argabright ST, Didomenico GE, Sotelo I, Wortzel JD, Naeem A, Gur RC, Gur RE, Warrier V, Guloksuz S, Barzilay R (2022) Modeling environment through a general exposome factor in two independent adolescent cohorts. Exposome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/exposome\/osac010","journal-title":"Exposome"},{"key":"3201_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-026-01437-y","author":"IT Hung","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hung IT, Thomas NS, Gelino B, Strickland JC, Barzilay R, Moore TM, Visoki E, Maher B, Felton JW, Rabinowitz JA (2026) Household adversity, day to day experiences, and birth\/pregnancy complications are associated with delay discounting: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-026-01437-y","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37778-1","volume":"14","author":"DG Weissman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weissman DG, Hatzenbuehler ML, Cikara M, Barch DM, McLaughlin KA (2023) State-level macro-economic factors moderate the association of low income with brain structure and mental health in U.S. children. Nat Commun 14(1):2085","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00034-y","volume":"1","author":"AS Hatoum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hatoum AS, Colbert SMC, Johnson EC, Huggett SB, Deak JD, Pathak G, Jennings MV, Paul SE, Karcher NR, Hansen I, Baranger DAA, Edwards A, Grotzinger A, Tucker-Drob EM, Kranzler HR, Davis LK, Sanchez-Roige S, Polimanti R, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Bogdan R, Agrawal A (2023) Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders. Nat Ment Health 1(3):210\u2013223","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"3201_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0275-1","volume":"2","author":"RK Walters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ, Adkins AE, Aliev F, Bacanu SA, Batzler A, Bertelsen S, Biernacka JM, Bigdeli TB, Chen LS, Clarke TK, Chou YL, Degenhardt F, Docherty AR, Edwards AC, Fontanillas P, Foo JC, Fox L, Frank J, Giegling I, Gordon S, Hack LM, Hartmann AM, Hartz SM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Herms S, Hodgkinson C, Hoffmann P, Jan Hottenga J, Kennedy MA, Alanne-Kinnunen M, Konte B, Lahti J, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Lai D, Ligthart L, Loukola A, Maher BS, Mbarek H, McIntosh AM, McQueen MB, Meyers JL, Milaneschi Y, Palviainen T, Pearson JF, Peterson RE, Ripatti S, Ryu E, Saccone NL, Salvatore JE, Sanchez-Roige S, Schwandt M, Sherva R, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Thomas N, Wang JC, Webb BT, Wedow R, Wetherill L, Wills AG, Boardman JD, Chen D, Choi DS, Copeland WE, Culverhouse RC, Dahmen N, Degenhardt L, Domingue BW, Elson SL, Frye MA, G\u00e4bel W, Hayward C, Ising M, Keyes M, Kiefer F, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Lucae S, Lynskey MT, Maier W, Mann K, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, M\u00fcller-Myhsok B, Murray AD, Nurnberger JI, Palotie A, Preuss U, R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen K, Reynolds MD, Ridinger M, Scherbaum N, Schuckit MA, Soyka M, Treutlein J, Witt S, Wodarz N, Zill P, Adkins DE, Boden JM, Boomsma DI, Bierut LJ, Brown SA, Bucholz KK, Cichon S, Costello EJ, de Wit H, Diazgranados N, Dick DM, Eriksson JG, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Gillespie NA, Goate AM, Goldman D, Grucza RA, Hancock DB, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hesselbrock V, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Horwood J, Iacono W, Johnson EO, Kaprio JA, Karpyak VM, Kendler KS, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, Lichtenstein P, Lind PA, McGue M, MacKillop J, Madden PAF, Maes HH, Magnusson P, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Nelson EC, N\u00f6then MM, Palmer AA, Pedersen NL, Penninx B, Porjesz B, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rose R, Rujescu D, Shen PH, Silberg J, Stallings MC, Tarter RE, Vanyukov MM, Vrieze S, Wall TL, Whitfield JB, Zhao H, Neale BM, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A (2018) Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 2(12):1656\u20131669","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3201_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30339-4","volume":"7","author":"EC Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson EC, Demontis D, Thorgeirsson TE, Walters RK, Polimanti R, Hatoum AS, Sanchez-Roige S, Paul SE, Wendt FR, Clarke TK, Lai D, Reginsson GW, Zhou H, He J, Baranger DAA, Gudbjartsson DF, Wedow R, Adkins DE, Adkins AE, Alexander J, Bacanu SA, Bigdeli TB, Boden J, Brown SA, Bucholz KK, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Corley RP, Degenhardt L, Dick DM, Domingue BW, Fox L, Goate AM, Gordon SD, Hack LM, Hancock DB, Hartz SM, Hickie IB, Hougaard DM, Krauter K, Lind PA, McClintick JN, McQueen MB, Meyers JL, Montgomery GW, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M, Pearson JF, Peterson RE, Reynolds MD, Rice JP, Runarsdottir V, Saccone NL, Sherva R, Silberg JL, Tarter RE, Tyrfingsson T, Wall TL, Webb BT, Werge T, Wetherill L, Wright MJ, Zellers S, Adams MJ, Bierut LJ, Boardman JD, Copeland WE, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Gillespie NA, Grucza RA, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hesselbrock V, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Horwood J, Iacono WG, Johnson EO, Kendler KS, Kennedy MA, Kranzler HR, Madden PAF, Maes HH, Maher BS, Martin NG, McGue M, McIntosh AM, Medland SE, Nelson EC, Porjesz B, Riley BP, Stallings MC, Vanyukov MM, Vrieze S, Davis LK, Bogdan R, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Stefansson K, B\u00f8rglum AD, Agrawal A (2020) A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder. Lancet Psychiatry 7(12):1032\u20131045","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19265-z","volume":"11","author":"BC Quach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quach BC, Bray MJ, Gaddis NC, Liu M, Palviainen T, Minica CC, Zellers S, Sherva R, Aliev F, Nothnagel M, Young KA, Marks JA, Young H, Carnes MU, Guo Y, Waldrop A, Sey NYA, Landi MT, McNeil DW, Drichel D, Farrer LA, Markunas CA, Vink JM, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Kranzler HR, Saccone NL, Neale MC, Madden P, Rietschel M, Marazita ML, McGue M, Won H, Winterer G, Grucza R, Dick DM, Gelernter J, Caporaso NE, Baker TB, Boomsma DI, Kaprio J, Hokanson JE, Vrieze S, Bierut LJ, Johnson EO, Hancock DB (2020) Expanding the genetic architecture of nicotine dependence and its shared genetics with multiple traits. Nat Commun 11(1):5562","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"3201_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1206","volume":"77","author":"H Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou H, Rentsch CT, Cheng Z, Kember RL, Nunez YZ, Sherva RM, Tate JP, Dao C, Xu K, Polimanti R, Farrer LA, Justice AC, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J (2020) Association of OPRM1 functional coding variant with opioid use disorder: a genome-wide association study. JAMA Psychiat 77(10):1072\u20131080","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01285-8","volume":"55","author":"D Demontis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demontis D, Walters GB, Athanasiadis G, Walters R, Therrien K, Nielsen TT, Farajzadeh L, Voloudakis G, Bendl J, Zeng B, Zhang W, Grove J, Als TD, Duan J, Satterstrom FK, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, B\u00e6kved-Hansen M, Gudmundsson OO, Magnusson SH, Baldursson G, Davidsdottir K, Haraldsdottir GS, Agerbo E, Hoffman GE, Dalsgaard S, Martin J, Ribas\u00e9s M, Boomsma DI, Soler Artigas M, Roth Mota N, Howrigan D, Medland SE, Zayats T, Rajagopal VM, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Hougaard DM, Mortensen PB, Daly MJ, Faraone SV, Stefansson H, Roussos P, Franke B, Werge T, Neale BM, Stefansson K, B\u00f8rglum AD (2023) Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains. Nat Genet 55(2):198\u2013208","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"3201_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.197","volume":"21","author":"T Otowa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otowa T, Hek K, Lee M, Byrne EM, Mirza SS, Nivard MG, Bigdeli T, Aggen SH, Adkins D, Wolen A, Fanous A, Keller MC, Castelao E, Kutalik Z, Van der Auwera S, Homuth G, Nauck M, Teumer A, Milaneschi Y, Hottenga JJ, Direk N, Hofman A, Uitterlinden A, Mulder CL, Henders AK, Medland SE, Gordon S, Heath AC, Madden PA, Pergadia ML, van der Most PJ, Nolte IM, van Oort FV, Hartman CA, Oldehinkel AJ, Preisig M, Grabe HJ, Middeldorp CM, Penninx BW, Boomsma D, Martin NG, Montgomery G, Maher BS, van den Oord EJ, Wray NR, Tiemeier H, Hettema JM (2016) Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of anxiety disorders. Mol Psychiatry 21(10):1391\u20131399","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00857-4","volume":"53","author":"N Mullins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mullins N, Forstner AJ, O\u2019Connell KS, Coombes B, Coleman JRI, Qiao Z, Als TD, Bigdeli TB, B\u00f8rte S, Bryois J, Charney AW, Drange OK, Gandal MJ, Hagenaars SP, Ikeda M, Kamitaki N, Kim M, Krebs K, Panagiotaropoulou G, Schilder BM, Sloofman LG, Steinberg S, Trubetskoy V, Winsvold BS, Won HH, Abramova L, Adorjan K, Agerbo E, Al Eissa M, Albani D, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Anjorin A, Antilla V, Antoniou A, Awasthi S, Baek JH, B\u00e6kvad-Hansen M, Bass N, Bauer M, Beins EC, Bergen SE, Birner A, B\u00f8cker Pedersen C, B\u00f8en E, Boks MP, Bosch R, Brum M, Brumpton BM, Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Budde M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley W, Cairns M, Casas M, Cervantes P, Clarke TK, Cruceanu C, Cuellar-Barboza A, Cunningham J, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dale AM, Dalkner N, David FS, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Dobbyn AL, Douzenis A, Elvs\u00e5shagen T, Escott-Price V, Ferrier IN, Fiorentino A, Foroud TM, Forty L, Frank J, Frei O, Freimer NB, Fris\u00e9n L, Gade K, Garnham J, Gelernter J, Gi\u00f8rtz Pedersen M, Gizer IR, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Greenwood TA, Grove J, Guzman-Parra J, Ha K, Haraldsson M, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Hellgren D, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Holmans PA, Huckins L, Jamain S, Johnson JS, Kalman JL, Kamatani Y, Kennedy JL, Kittel-Schneider S, Knowles JA, Kogevinas M, Koromina M, Kranz TM, Kranzler HR, Kubo M, Kupka R, Kushner SA, Lavebratt C, Lawrence J, Leber M, Lee HJ, Lee PH, Levy SE, Lewis C, Liao C, Lucae S, Lundberg M, MacIntyre DJ, Magnusson SH, Maier W, Maihofer A, Malaspina D, Maratou E, Martinsson L, Mattheisen M, McCarroll SA, McGregor NW, McGuffin P, McKay JD, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Millischer V, Montgomery GW, Moran JL, Morris DW, M\u00fchleisen TW, O\u2019Brien N, O\u2019Donovan C, Olde Loohuis LM, Oruc L, Papiol S, Pardi\u00f1as AF, Perry A, Pfennig A, Porichi E, Potash JB, Quested D, Raj T, Rapaport MH, DePaulo JR, Regeer EJ, Rice JP, Rivas F, Rivera M, Roth J, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, S\u00e1nchez-Mora C, Schulte EC, Senner F, Sharp S, Shilling PD, Sigurdsson E, Sirignano L, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Smith DJ, Sobell JL, S\u00f8holm Hansen C, Soler Artigas M, Spijker AT, Stein DJ, Strauss JS, \u015awi\u0105tkowska B, Terao C, Thorgeirsson TE, Toma C, Tooney P, Tsermpini EE, Vawter MP, Vedder H, Walters JTR, Witt SH, Xi S, Xu W, Yang JMK, Young AH, Young H, Zandi PP, Zhou H, Zillich L, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Alda M, Alfredsson L, Babadjanova G, Backlund L, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Bengesser S, Berrettini WH, Blackwood DHR, Boehnke M, B\u00f8rglum AD, Breen G, Carr VJ, Catts S, Corvin A, Craddock N, Dannlowski U, Dikeos D, Esko T, Etain B, Ferentinos P, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gawlik M, Gershon ES, Goes FS, Green MJ, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Henskens F, Hillert J, Hong KS, Hougaard DM, Hultman CM, Hveem K, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jones I, Jones LA, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kirov G, Land\u00e9n M, Leboyer M, Lewis CM, Li QS, Lissowska J, Lochner C, Loughland C, Martin NG, Mathews CA, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Melle I, Michie P, Milani L, Mitchell PB, Morken G, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Mowry B, M\u00fcller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Neale BM, Nievergelt CM, Nordentoft M, N\u00f6then MM, O\u2019Donovan MC, Oedegaard KJ, Olsson T, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Pantelis C, Pato C, Pato MT, Patrinos GP, Perlis RH, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Reininghaus EZ, Ribas\u00e9s M, Rietschel M, Ripke S, Rouleau GA, Saito T, Schall U, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Scott LJ, Scott RJ, Serretti A, Shannon Weickert C, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stordal E, Streit F, Sullivan PF, Turecki G, Vaaler AE, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Waldman ID, Weickert TW, Werge T, Wray NR, Zwart JA, Biernacka JM, Nurnberger JI, Cichon S, Edenberg HJ, Stahl EA, McQuillin A, Di Florio A, Ophoff RA, Andreassen OA (2021) Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nat Genet 53(6):817\u2013829","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, Coleman JRI, Hagenaars SP, Ward J, Wigmore EM, Alloza C, Shen X, Barbu MC, Xu EY, Whalley HC, Marioni RE, Porteous DJ, Davies G, Deary IJ, Hemani G, Berger K, Teismann H, Rawal R, Arolt V, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Domschke K, Tian C, Hinds DA, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Ripke S, Smith DJ, Sullivan PF, Wray NR, Breen G, Lewis CM, McIntosh AM (2019) Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci 22(3):343\u2013352","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"3201_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00908-3","volume":"24","author":"R Karlsson Linn\u00e9r","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karlsson Linn\u00e9r R, Mallard TT, Barr PB, Sanchez-Roige S, Madole JW, Driver MN, Poore HE, de Vlaming R, Grotzinger AD, Tielbeek JJ, Johnson EC, Liu M, Rosenthal SB, Ideker T, Zhou H, Kember RL, Pasman JA, Verweij KJH, Liu DJ, Vrieze S, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Harris KM, Tucker-Drob EM, Waldman ID, Palmer AA, Harden KP, Koellinger PD, Dick DM (2021) Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction. Nat Neurosci 24(10):1367\u20131376","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3201_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172881","author":"AP Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller AP, Bogdan R, Agrawal A, Hatoum AS (2024) Generalized genetic liability to substance use disorders. J Clin Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI172881","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0566-x","volume":"3","author":"AD Grotzinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grotzinger AD, Rhemtulla M, de Vlaming R, Ritchie SJ, Mallard TT, Hill WD, Ip HF, Marioni RE, McIntosh AM, Deary IJ, Koellinger PD, Harden KP, Nivard MG, Tucker-Drob EM (2019) Genomic structural equation modelling provides insights into the multivariate genetic architecture of complex traits. Nat Hum Behav 3(5):513\u2013525","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-023-10143-0","volume":"53","author":"CC Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan CC, Loughnan R, Wilson S, Hewitt JK (2023) Genotype data and derived genetic instruments of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study(\u00ae) for better understanding of human brain development. Behav Genet 53(3):159\u2013168","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01054-7","volume":"54","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Lin YF, Feng YA, Chen CY, Lam M, Guo Z, He L, Sawa A, Martin AR, Qin S, Huang H, Ge T (2022) Improving polygenic prediction in ancestrally diverse populations. Nat Genet 54(5):573\u2013580","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","volume":"10","author":"T Ge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ge T, Chen CY, Ni Y, Feng YA, Smoller JW (2019) Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors. Nat Commun 10(1):1776","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3201_CR65","unstructured":"Pinheiro J, Bates D, R Core Team (2023) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. In: Editor (Ed.)^(Eds.): \u2018Book nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models, pp 3.1\u2013162"},{"key":"3201_CR66","volume-title":"Book R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Book R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol 57(1):289\u2013300","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000685","volume":"24","author":"SR Jaffee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaffee SR, Price TS (2012) The implications of genotype-environment correlation for establishing causal processes in psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 24(4):1253\u20131264","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3201_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172300315X","volume":"54","author":"TH Kleppesto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kleppesto TH, Eilertsen EM, van Bergen E, Sunde HF, Zietsch B, Nordmo M, Eftedal NH, Havdahl A, Ystrom E, Torvik FA (2024) Intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors: genetic and environmental pathways. Psychol Med 54(7):1309\u20131317","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3201_CR70","volume":"263","author":"L Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo L, Li J, Sun Y, Lv Y, Liu J, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang W (2023) Maternal genetic intergenerational and transgenerational effects on hormone synthesis in ovarian granulosa cells of offspring exposed to cadmium during pregnancy. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 263:115278","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709005911","volume":"40","author":"F Rice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rice F, Harold GT, Boivin J, van den Bree M, Hay DF, Thapar A (2010) The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences. Psychol Med 40(2):335\u2013345","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3201_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0265-4","volume":"24","author":"KM Sawyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sawyer KM, Zunszain PA, Dazzan P, Pariante CM (2019) Intergenerational transmission of depression: clinical observations and molecular mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry 24(8):1157\u20131177","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221141770","volume":"28","author":"E McKay","year":"2023","unstructured":"McKay E, Cornish K, Kirk H (2023) Impairments in emotion recognition and positive emotion regulation predict social difficulties in adolescent with ADHD. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 28(3):895\u2013908","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.09.009","volume":"46","author":"PM Wehmeier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wehmeier PM, Schacht A, Barkley RA (2010) Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact on quality of life. J Adolesc Health 46(3):209\u2013217","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.08.010","volume":"35","author":"HH Cleveland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cleveland HH, Harris KS (2010) The role of coping in moderating within-day associations between negative triggers and substance use cravings: a daily diary investigation. Addict Behav 35(1):60\u201363","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01305-9","volume":"23","author":"AN Linden-Carmichael","year":"2022","unstructured":"Linden-Carmichael AN, Van Doren N, Bray BC, Jackson KM, Lanza ST (2022) Stress and affect as daily risk factors for substance use patterns: an application of latent class analysis for daily diary data. Prev Sci 23(4):598\u2013607","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"3201_CR77","first-page":"532","volume-title":"Book adolescents\u2019 subjective social status predicts day\u2010to\u2010day mental health and future substance use","author":"MA Russell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell MA, Odgers CL (2020) Adolescents\u2019 subjective social status predicts day\u2010to\u2010day mental health and future substance use. Book adolescents\u2019 subjective social status predicts day\u2010to\u2010day mental health and future substance use. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp 532\u2013544"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2012.5.1.99","volume":"5","author":"DJ Dozois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dozois DJ, Eichstedt JA, Collins KA, Phoenix E, Harris K (2012) Core beliefs, self-perception, and cognitive organization in depressed adolescents. Int J Cogn Ther 5(1):99\u2013112","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"3201_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.012","volume":"262","author":"E Hards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hards E, Ellis J, Fisk J, Reynolds S (2020) Negative view of the self and symptoms of depression in adolescents. J Affect Disord 262:143\u2013148","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3201_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01359-3","volume":"25","author":"RH Bitsko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, O\u2019Masta B, Maher B, Cerles A, Saadeh K, Mahmooth Z, MacMillan LM, Rush M, Kaminski JW (2024) A systematic review and meta-analysis of prenatal, birth, and postnatal factors associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prev Sci 25(Suppl 2):203\u2013224","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"3201_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.1040824","volume":"4","author":"CJ Walsh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walsh CJ, Rosenberg SL, Hale EW (2022) Obstetric complications in mothers with ADHD. Front Reprod Health 4:1040824","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0518","volume":"30","author":"L Ben Amor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ben Amor L, Grizenko N, Schwartz G, Lageix P, Baron C, Ter-Stepanian M, Zappitelli M, Mbekou V, Joober R (2005) Perinatal complications in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Psychiatry Neurosci 30(2):120\u2013126","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.02.003","volume":"18","author":"GE Duncan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duncan GE, Dansie EJ, Strachan E, Munsell M, Huang R, Vernez Moudon A, Goldberg J, Buchwald D (2012) Genetic and environmental influences on residential location in the US. Health Place 18(3):515\u2013519","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x","volume":"51","author":"AR Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin AR, Kanai M, Kamatani Y, Okada Y, Neale BM, Daly MJ (2019) Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities. Nat Genet 51(4):584\u2013591","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10053","volume":"5","author":"J-B Pingault","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pingault J-B, Rijsdijk F, Zheng Y, Plomin R, Viding E (2015) Developmentally dynamic genome: evidence of genetic influences on increases and decreases in conduct problems from early childhood to adolescence. Sci Rep 5(1):10053","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03201-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03201-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03201-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:14:25Z","timestamp":1792142065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03201-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["3201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-026-03201-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The research was performed with permission from Rutgers University\u2019s Institutional Review Board (#Pro2024001793).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Barzilay serves on the scientific Advisory Board and holds equity in Taliaz Health, with no relevance to this work. Dr. Dick is a co-founder of Thrive Genetics, Inc, as well as a member of the advisory board of Seek Health Group, Inc., and holds equity in both companies. The manuscript does not discuss the products or services being developed by either company. The rest of authors have no direct or indirect interests related to the work submitted for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}