{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:11:22Z","timestamp":1780441882323,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s007870070020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,12]],"date-time":"2003-02-12T18:05:56Z","timestamp":1045073156000},"page":"S60-S75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: symptomatic treatment based on evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"901000060_CR1","first-page":"629","volume":"13","author":"K Abe","year":"1978","unstructured":"Abe K, Oda N (1978) Follow-up study of children of childhood tiquers. Biological Psychiatry 13: 629\u2013630","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550060051016","volume":"53","author":"DA Abwender","year":"1996","unstructured":"Abwender DA, Como PG, Kurlan R, Parry K, Fett KA, Cui L, Plumb S, Deely C (1996) School problems in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Archives of Neurology 53: 509\u201311","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379303800116","volume":"38","author":"I Ahmed","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ahmed I, Dagincourt PG, Miller LG, Shader RI (1993) Possible interaction between fluoxetine and pimozide causing sinus bradycardia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38: 62\u20133","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR4","first-page":"103","volume":"50","author":"NE Alessi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alessi NE, Walden M, Hsieh PS (1989) Nifedipine-haloperidol combination in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a case study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50: 103\u20134","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Third edition revised) (DSM-III-R)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Third edition revised) (DSM-III-R). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"901000060_CR6","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Fourth edition) (DSMIV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Fourth edition) (DSMIV). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"901000060_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210068008","volume":"50","author":"A Apter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Apter A, Pauls DL, Bleich A, Zohar AH, Kron S, Ratzoni G (1993) An epidemiological study of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome in Israel. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 734\u2013738","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90089-7","volume":"26","author":"NH Azrin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Azrin NH, Peterson NL (1988) Habit reversal for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy 26: 347\u201351","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"901000060_CR9","first-page":"767","volume":"33","author":"M Baron","year":"1981","unstructured":"Baron M, Shapiro E, Shapiro AK, Rainer JD (1981) Genetic analysis of Tourette syndrome suggesting major gene effect. American Journal of Human Genetics 33: 767\u2013775","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02629.x","volume":"72","author":"R Berg","year":"1985","unstructured":"Berg R (1985) A case of Tourette syndrome treated with nifedipine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 72: 400\u20131","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"901000060_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00200-2","volume":"18","author":"A Bergin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bergin A, Waranch HR, Brown J, Carson K, Singer HS (1998) Relaxation therapy in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. Pediatric Neurology 18: 136\u201342","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/3002000","volume":"2","author":"J Berkson","year":"1946","unstructured":"Berkson J (1946) Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics 2: 47\u201351","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"901000060_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.4.366a","volume":"172","author":"BR Bhadrinah","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bhadrinah BR (1998) Olanzepine in Tourette syndrome (letter). British Journal of Psychiatry 172: 366","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02726634","volume":"56","author":"MS Bhatia","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bhatia MS, Balkrishna, Singhal PK, Kaur N (1989) Tourette syndrome treated with nifedipine. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 56: 300\u20131","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"901000060_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90192-2","volume":"11","author":"RL Borrison","year":"1983","unstructured":"Borrison RL, Ang L, Hamilton WJ, Diamond BI Davis JM (1983) Treatment approaches in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain Research Bulletin 11: 205\u20138","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"901000060_CR16","first-page":"1352","volume":"146","author":"RH Bouchard","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bouchard RH, Pourcher E, Vincent P (1990) Fluoxetine and extrapyramidal side effects. American Journal of Psychiatry 146: 1352\u20132","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198403000-00002","volume":"23","author":"RD Bruun","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bruun RD (1984) Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: an overview of clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 23: 126\u2013133","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.5.621","volume":"145","author":"RD Bruun","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bruun RD (1988) Subtle and underrecognised side effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with Tourette\u2019s disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 145: 621\u20134","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR19","first-page":"29","volume":"57","author":"RD Bruun","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bruun RD, Budman CL (1996) Risperidone as a treatment for Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57: 29\u201331","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199702000-00004","volume":"36","author":"CL Budman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Budman CL, Kerjakovic M, Bruun R (1997) Viral infection and tic exacerbation (letter). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36: 162","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR21","first-page":"831","volume":"29","author":"L Burd","year":"1987","unstructured":"Burd L, Kerbeshian J (1987) Treatmentgenerated problems associated with behavior modification in Tourette disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 29: 831\u20133","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.3.317","volume":"136","author":"ED Caine","year":"1979","unstructured":"Caine ED, Polinsky RJ, Kartinel R, Ebert MH (1979) The trial use of clozapine for abnormal involuntary movement disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 136: 317\u201320","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(81)90083-8","volume":"19","author":"AG Canavan","year":"1981","unstructured":"Canavan AG, Powell GE (1981) The efficacy of several treatments of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome as assessed in a single case. Behaviour Research and Therapy 19: 549\u201356","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"901000060_CR24","first-page":"1140","volume":"34","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD (1997) Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette\u2019s syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 1140\u20136","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199509000-00010","volume":"34","author":"PB Chappell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chappell PB, Riddle MA, Scahill L, Lynck KA, Schultz R, Arnsten A, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ (1995) Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette\u2019s syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 1140\u20136","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR26","first-page":"2205","volume":"70","author":"DF Clark","year":"1970","unstructured":"Clark DF (1970) Behavioral approaches to treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. New York State Journal of Medicine 70: 2205\u201310","journal-title":"New York State Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"901000060_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05159.x","volume":"77","author":"DJ Clarke","year":"1988","unstructured":"Clarke DJ, Ford R (1988) Treatment of refractory Tourette syndrome with haloperidol decanoate. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 77: 495\u20136","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"901000060_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320054008","volume":"48","author":"Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group","year":"1991","unstructured":"Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group (1991) Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 730\u20138","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1980.01780250036004","volume":"37","author":"DJ Cohen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cohen DJ, Detlor J, Young DJ, Shaywitz BA (1980) Clonidine ameliorates Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 37: 1350","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR30","first-page":"701","volume":"41","author":"DE Comings","year":"1987","unstructured":"Comings DE & Comings BG (1987) A controlled study of Tourette Syndrome: 1. Attention deficit disorder, learning disorders and school problems. American Journal of Human Genetics 41: 701\u2013741","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR31","first-page":"563","volume":"51","author":"DE Comings","year":"1990","unstructured":"Comings DE, Hines JA, Comings BG (1990) An epidemiologic study of Tourette\u2019s syndrome in a single school district. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51: 563\u2013569","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960531)67:3<264::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"67","author":"DE Comings","year":"1996","unstructured":"Comings DE, Wu S, Chiu C, Ring Rh, Gade R, Ahn C, MacMurray JP, Dietz G, Muhleman D (1996) Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: the additive and subtractive effect of three dopaminergic genes \u2014 DRD2, DBetaH, DAT1. American Journal of Medical Genetics 67: 264\u2013288","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830120067012","volume":"53","author":"EJ Costello","year":"1996","unstructured":"Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, Stangl DK, Tweed DL, Erkanli A, Worthman CM (1996) The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-111-R Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 53: 1129\u20131136","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.6.845","volume":"160","author":"D Curtis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Curtis D, Robertson MM, Gurling HM (1992) Autosomal dominant gene transmission in a large kindred with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 160: 845\u2013849","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)00050-2","volume":"29","author":"CM Groot De","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Groot CM, Janus MD, Bornstein RA (1995) Clinical predictors of psychopathology in children and adolescents with Tourette Syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research 29: 59\u201370","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"901000060_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.5.762","volume":"157","author":"PL Delgado","year":"1990","unstructured":"Delgado PL, Goodman WK, Price LH, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1990) Fluvoxamine\/pimozide treatment of concurrent Tourette\u2019s and obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 157: 762\u20135","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197102000-00004","volume":"152","author":"JN DiGiacomo","year":"1971","unstructured":"DiGiacomo JN, Fahn S, Glass JB, Westlake RJ (1971) A case with Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: recurrent refractoriness to haloperidol, and unsuccessful treatment with L-dopa. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 152: 115\u20137","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"901000060_CR38","first-page":"348","volume":"46","author":"DC Dillon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dillon DC, Salzman IJ, Schusinger DA (1985) The use of imipramine in Tourette\u2019s syndrome and attention deficit disorder: case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 46: 348\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR39","first-page":"468","volume":"87","author":"M Donahoe Meador","year":"1991","unstructured":"Donahoe Meador M, Fortune T, Llorena R (1991) Tourette\u2019s syndrome and treatment with Clomipramine hydrochloride. West Virginia Medical Journal 87: 468\u201370","journal-title":"West Virginia Medical Journal"},{"key":"901000060_CR40","first-page":"216","volume":"37","author":"I Drtikova","year":"1996","unstructured":"Drtikova I, Balatikova B, Lemonova H, Zak J (1996) Therapeutic effects of clonazepam in children with tic syndrome. Homeostasis Health and Disease 37: 216","journal-title":"Homeostasis Health and Disease"},{"key":"901000060_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796003984","volume":"27","author":"SM Dursun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dursun SM, Revely MA (1997) Differential effects of transdermal nicotine on microstructured analyses of tics in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: an open study. Psychological Medicine 27: 483\u2013487","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"901000060_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119300700309","volume":"7","author":"V Eapen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eapen V, Katona CLE, Barnes TRE, Robertson MM (1993) Sulpiride induced tardive dyskinesia in a person with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychopharmacology 7: 290\u20132","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.5.593","volume":"162","author":"V Eapen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eapen V, Pauls DL, Robertson MM (1993) Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome \u2014 United Kingdom cohort. British journal of Psychiatry 162: 593\u2013596","journal-title":"British journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.5.708a","volume":"164","author":"V Eapen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eapen V, Robertson MM (1994) All that tics may not be Tourette\u2019s. British Journal of Psychiatry 164: 708 (letter)","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(96)00044-9","volume":"20","author":"V Eapen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eapen V, Trimble MR, Robertson MM (1996) The use of fluoxetine in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive behaviours: preliminary clinical experience. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 20: 737\u201343","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050105","volume":"244","author":"V Eapen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eapen V, Robertson MM, Zeitlin H, Kurlan R (1997) Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome in special education schools: a United Kingdom study. Journal of Neurology 244: 378\u2013382","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970725)74:4<432::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"74","author":"V Eapen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eapen V, Robertson MM, Alsobrook JP, Pauls DL (1997) Obsessive compulsive symptoms in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder: differences by diagnosis and family history. American Journal of Medical Genetics 74: 432\u2013438","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.4.934","volume":"48","author":"V Eapen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eapen V, O\u2019Niell J, Gurling HMD, Robertson MM (1997) Sex of parent transmission effect in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: evidence for earlier age at onset in maternally transmitted cases suggests a genomic imprinting effect. Neurology 48: 934\u2013937","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00449911","volume":"237","author":"C Eggers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eggers C, Rothenberger A, Berghaus U (1988) Clinical and neurobiological findings in children suffering from tic disease following treatment with tiapride. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 237: 223\u20139","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"901000060_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.53.2.127","volume":"53","author":"G Erenberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD (1986) Tourette syndrome: an analysis of 200 pediatric and adolescent cases. Cleveland Clinic quarterly 53: 127\u2013131","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinic quarterly"},{"key":"901000060_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2511-6_11","volume":"90","author":"HM Erickson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Erickson HM, Goggin JE, Messiha FS (1977) Comparison of lithium and haloperidol therapy in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 90: 197\u2013205","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"901000060_CR52","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Tourette Syndrome; Genetics, Neurobiology and Treatment. Adv Neurol, 58","author":"T Fallon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fallon T Jr, Schwab-Stone M (1992) Methodology of epidemiological studies of tic disorders and comorbid psychopathology. In: Chase TN, Friedhoff AJ, Cohen DJ (eds) Tourette Syndrome; Genetics, Neurobiology and Treatment. Adv Neurol, 58. New York: Raven Press, pp 43\u201353"},{"key":"901000060_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.965","volume":"46","author":"A Feigin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Feigin A, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Beach J, Dimitsopulos T, Brower CA, Chapieski L, Trinidad K, Como P, Jankovic J (1996) A controlled trial of deprenyl in children with Tourette\u2019s syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology 46: 965\u20138","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.6.839","volume":"164","author":"S Fennig","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fennig S, Fennig SN, Pato M, Weitzman A (1994) Emergence of symptoms of Tourette\u2019s syndrome during fluvoxamine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 164: 839\u201341","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198406000-00002","volume":"5","author":"M Ferrari","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ferrari M, Matthews WS, Barabas G (1984) Children with Tourette syndrome; results of psychological tests given prior to drug treatment. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 5: 116\u2013119","journal-title":"Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"901000060_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.3.378","volume":"36","author":"M Frankel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frankel M, Cummings JL, Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Hill MA, Benson DF (1986) Obsessions and compulsions in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neurology 36: 378\u2013381","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.5.673","volume":"144","author":"G Fulop","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fulop G, Phillips RA, Shapiro AK, Gomes JA, Shapiro E, Nordlie JW (1987) ECG changes during haloperidol and pimozide treatment of Tourette\u2019s disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 144: 673\u20135","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199205000-00012","volume":"31","author":"KD Gadow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gadow KD, Sverd J, Nolan EE (1992) Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder: II Short-term behavioral effects in school settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31: 462\u201371","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950180030005","volume":"52","author":"KD Gadow","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Ezor SN (1995) Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 52: 444\u201355","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2.1.66","volume":"2","author":"S Gancher","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gancher S, Conant-Norville D, Angell R (1990) Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with transdermal clonidine: a pilot study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2: 66\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"901000060_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470080505","volume":"8","author":"MS George","year":"1993","unstructured":"George MS, Trimble MR, Robertson MM (1993) Fluvoxamine and sulpiride in comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Human Psychopharmacology 8: 327\u201334","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210313","volume":"21","author":"CG Goetz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Wilson RS, Caroll VS, Como PG, Shannon KM (1987) Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: double-blind study using objective rating methods. Annals of Neurology 21: 307\u201310","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR63","first-page":"360","volume":"45","author":"JA Goldstein","year":"1984","unstructured":"Goldstein JA (1984) Nifedipine treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome (letter). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45: 360","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR64","first-page":"402","volume":"12","author":"DA Griesemer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Griesemer DA (1997) Pergolide in the management of Tourette syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology 12: 402\u20133","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR65","first-page":"682","volume":"57","author":"SJ Hasstedt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hasstedt SJ, Leppert M, Filloux F, van der Wetering BJM, McMahon WM (1995) Intermediate inheritance of Tourette syndrome, assuming assortive mating. American Journal of Human Genetics 57: 682\u2013689","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1970.02100060096015","volume":"120","author":"CE Healy","year":"1970","unstructured":"Healy CE (1970) Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome (maladie des tics). Successful treatment with haloperidol. American Journal of diseases in children 120: 62\u20133","journal-title":"American Journal of diseases in children"},{"key":"901000060_CR67","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Handbook of Tourette\u2019s Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders","author":"P Heutink","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heutink P, Breedveld GJ, Niermeijer MF, van der Wetering BJM, Oostra BA (1993) Progress in gene localization. In: Kurlan R (ed) Handbook of Tourette\u2019s Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp 317\u2013335"},{"key":"901000060_CR68","first-page":"478","volume":"47","author":"SK Hoge","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hoge SK, Biederman J (1986) A case of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with symptoms of attention deficit disorder treated with desipramine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 47: 478\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1978.43.2.671","volume":"43","author":"JG Hollandsworth","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hollandsworth JG, Bausinger L (1978) Unsuccessful use of massed practice in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Psychological Reports 43: 671\u20137","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"901000060_CR70","first-page":"423","volume":"56","author":"FM Jacobsen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jacobsen FM (1995) Risperidone in the treatment of affective illness and obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56: 423\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090315","volume":"9","author":"J Jankovic","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jankovic J (1994) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonic tics. Movement Disorders 9: 347\u20139","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"901000060_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.2.358","volume":"48","author":"J Jankovic","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Beech J (1997) Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology 48: 358\u201362","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR73","volume-title":"11,000 seven year olds. First report of the National Child Development Study (1958 cohort)","author":"ML Kellmer Pringle","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kellmer Pringle ML, Butler NR, Davie R (1966) 11,000 seven year olds. First report of the National Child Development Study (1958 cohort). Longmans. Green & Co Ltd, London"},{"key":"901000060_CR74","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Adv Neurol 35","author":"KK Kidd","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kidd KK, Pauls DL (1982) Genetic hypotheses for Tourette syndrome. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN (eds) Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Adv Neurol 35, New York: Raven Press, pp 243\u2013249"},{"key":"901000060_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.1.39","volume":"92","author":"LS Kiessling","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kiessling LS, Marcotte AC, Culpepper L (1993) Antineuronal antibodies in movement disorders. Pediatrics 92: 39\u201343","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"901000060_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300105","volume":"30","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Majumdar L, Deeley C, Mudholkar GS, Plumb S, Como PG (1991) A controlled trial of propoxyphene and naltrexone in patients with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Annals of Neurology 30: 19\u201323","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199304000-00009","volume":"16","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Como PG, Deeley C, McDermott M, McDermott MP (1993) A pilot controlled study of fluoxetine for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology 16: 162\u201372","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.4.699","volume":"44","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Whitmore D, Irvine C, McDermott MP, Como PG (1994) Tourette\u2019s syndrome in a special education population: a pilot study involving a single school district. Neurology 44: 699\u2013702","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2236","volume":"44","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Eapen V, Stern J, McDermott MP, Robertson MM (1994) Bilineal transmission in Tourette syndrome families. Neurology 44: 2236\u20132242","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.8.3.311","volume":"8","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Daragjati C, Como PG, McDermott MP, Trinidad KS, Roddy S, Robertson MM (1996) Non-obscene complex socially inappropriate behavior in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 8: 311\u2013317","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"901000060_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1964.tb02212.x","volume":"34","author":"R Lapouse","year":"1964","unstructured":"Lapouse R, Monk MA (1964) Behavior deviations in a representative sample of children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 34: 436\u2013446","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.3.343","volume":"35","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Detlor J, Harcherik DF, Ort S, Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ (1985) Short- and long-term treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with clonidine: a clinical perspective. Neurology 35: 343\u201351","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800130112025","volume":"44","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Price RA, Walkup JT, Ort S, Pauls DL, Cohen DJ (1987) Nongenetic factors in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 44: 100","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","volume":"28","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KI, Stevenson, Cohen DJ (1989) The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician rated scale of tic severity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28: 566\u2013573","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199003000-00010","volume":"29","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Dolansky ES, Hardin MT (1990) Perinatal factors in the expression of Tourette\u2019s syndrome: an exploratory study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29: 220\u2013226","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810280040006","volume":"48","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Hardin MT, Riddle MA, Stevenson J, Ort SL, Cohen DJ (1991) Clonidine treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 324\u20138","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.14","volume":"102","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Zhang HP, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C, Kim YS (1998) Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics 102: 14\u201319","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"901000060_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1244","volume":"149","author":"HL Leonard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Rettew DC, Gershon ES, Rapoport JL (1992) Tics and Tourette\u2019s Disorder: a 2\u20137 year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive children. American Journal of Psychiatry 149: 1244\u20131251","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR89","first-page":"339","volume":"50","author":"JF Lipinski","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lipinski JF, Mallya G, Zimmerman P, Pope HG (1989) Fluoxetine-induced akathesia \u2014clinical and theoretical implications. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50: 339\u201342","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120320","volume":"12","author":"JF Lipinski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lipinski JF, Sallee FR, Jackson C, Sethuraman G (1997) Dopamine agonist treatment of Tourette disorder in children: results of an open-label trial of pergolide. Movement Disorders 12: 402\u20137","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"901000060_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1994.02170080089017","volume":"148","author":"PH Lipkin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lipkin PH, Goldstein IJ, Adesman AR (1994) Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 148: 859\u2013861","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"901000060_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199509000-00011","volume":"34","author":"PJ Lombroso","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lombroso PJ, Scahill L, King RA, Lynch KA, Chapell PB, Peterson BS, McDougle CJ, Leckman JF (1995) Risperidone treatment of children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: a preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 1147\u201352","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199501000-00008","volume":"34","author":"JS March","year":"1995","unstructured":"March JS (1995) Cognitive-behavioral treatments for children and adolescents with OCD: a review and recommendations for treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 7\u201318","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15379.x","volume":"40","author":"A Mason","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mason A, Banerjee S, Eapen V, Zeitlin H, Robertson MM (1998) The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school population. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 40: 292\u2013296","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90315-Q","volume":"31","author":"BJ McConville","year":"1992","unstructured":"McConville BJ, Sanberg PR, Fogelson MH, King J, Cirino P, Parker KW, Norman AB (1992) The effects of nicotine plus haloperidol compared to nicotine only and placebo nicotine only in reducing tic severity and frequency in Tourette\u2019s disorder. Biological Psychiatry 31: 832\u201340","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR96","first-page":"354","volume":"13","author":"CJ McDougle","year":"1994","unstructured":"McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Barr LC, Henninger GR, Price LH (1994) The efficacy of fluvoxamine in OCD: effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 13: 354\u20138","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00007","volume":"36","author":"MT Mercadante","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mercadante MT, do Rosario Campos MC, Marques-Dias MJ, Miguel EC, Leckman J (1997) Vocal tics in Sydenham\u2019s chorea (letter). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36: 305","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR98","first-page":"27","volume":"22","author":"FS Messiha","year":"1979","unstructured":"Messiha FS (1979) A pharmacotherapeutic rationale for the use of lithium carbonate in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society 22: 27\u20139","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society"},{"key":"901000060_CR99","first-page":"139","volume":"149","author":"R Meuldijk","year":"1992","unstructured":"Meuldijk R, Colon EJ (1992) Methadone treatment of Tourette\u2019s disorder (letter). American Journal of Psychiatry 149: 139\u201340","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199002000-00008","volume":"13","author":"F Micheli","year":"1990","unstructured":"Micheli F, Gatto M, Lekhuniec E, Mangone C, Fernandez Pardal M, Pikielny R, Casas Parera I (1990) Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with calcium antagonists. Clinical Neuropharmacology 13: 77\u201383","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00999049","volume":"14","author":"DM Michultka","year":"1989","unstructured":"Michultka DM, Blanchard EB, Rosenblum EL (1989) Stress management and Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Biofeedback and Self Regulation 14: 115\u201323","journal-title":"Biofeedback and Self Regulation"},{"key":"901000060_CR102","first-page":"10","volume":"55","author":"RB Minderaa","year":"1987","unstructured":"Minderaa RB (1987) The treatment of children with Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome (in Dutch). Tijdschrift voor Kindergeneeskunde 55: 10\u201315","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Kindergeneeskunde"},{"key":"901000060_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90444-X","volume":"44","author":"DE Moss","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moss, DE, Manderscheid PZ, Montgomery Sp, Norman AB, Sanberg PR (1989) Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other motor disorders. Life Sciences 44: 1521\u20135","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"901000060_CR104","first-page":"243","volume":"25","author":"N Muller","year":"1992","unstructured":"Muller N (1992) Exacerbation of tics following antidepressant therapy in a case of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (letter). Pharmacopsychiatry 25: 243\u20134","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050216","volume":"68","author":"N Muller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Muller N, Riedel M, Erfurth A, Moller HJ (1997) Immunoglobulin therapy in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (in German). Nervenarzt 68: 914\u20136","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"901000060_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050227","volume":"68","author":"KR Mullervahl","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mullervahl KR, Kolbe H, Dengler R (1997) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, influence of nicotine, alcohol and marijuana on the clinical symptoms (in German). Nervenarzt 68: 985\u20139","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"901000060_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10127.x","volume":"98","author":"KR Mullervahl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mullervahl KR, Kolbe H, Schneider U, Emrich HM (1998) Cannabinoids: possible role in patho-physiology and therapy of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 98: 502\u20136","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"901000060_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199705000-00009","volume":"36","author":"EE Nolan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nolan EE, Gadow KD (1997) Children with ADHD and tic disorder and their classmates: behavioral normalization with methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36: 597\u2013604","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR109","first-page":"457","volume":"15","author":"LE Packer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Packer LE (1997) Social and educational resources for patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurologic Clinics of North America 15: 457\u2013473","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"901000060_CR110","first-page":"281","volume":"48","author":"AJ Pakstis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pakstis AJ, Heutink P, Pauls DL, Kurlan R, VanderWetering BJM, Leckamn JF, Sandkuyl JL, Kidd JR, Breedweld GJ, Castiglione CM, Weber J, Sparkes RS, Cohen DJ, Kidd KK, Oostra BA (1991) Progress in the search for genetic linkage with Tourette syndrome: an exclusion map covering more than 50 percent of the autosomal genome. American Journal of Human Genetics 48: 281\u2013294","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR111","first-page":"222","volume":"6","author":"S Paolucci","year":"1984","unstructured":"Paolucci S, Buttinelli C, Fiume S, Ciani S, Lenzi GL (1984) Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome with depot neuroleptics. Acta Neurologica 6: 222\u20134","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica"},{"key":"901000060_CR112","first-page":"117","volume":"43","author":"DL Pauls","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Hurst CR, Kruger SD, Leckman JF, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ (1986) Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s Syndrome and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Evidence against a genetic relationship. Archives of General Psychiatry 43: 117\u20131179","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199309000-00025","volume":"32","author":"DL Pauls","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ (1993) Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32: 1044\u20131050","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2702_6","volume":"27","author":"WE Pelham","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pelham WE, Wheeler T, Chronis A (1988) Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child psychology 27: 190\u2013205","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child psychology"},{"key":"901000060_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(92)90140-C","volume":"30","author":"AL Peterson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peterson AL, Azrin NH (1992) An evaluation of behavioral treatments for Tourette syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy 30: 167\u201374","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"901000060_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199404000-00008","volume":"14","author":"BS Peterson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Peterson BS, Leckman JF, Scahill L, Naftolin F, Keefe D, Charest NJ, King RA, Hardin MT, Cohen DJ (1994) Steroid hormones and Tourette\u2019s syndrome: early experience with antiandrogen therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 14: 131\u20135","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199808000-00013","volume":"18","author":"BS Peterson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peterson BS, Zhang H, Anderson GM, Leckman JF (1998) A double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover trial of an antiandrogen in the treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 18: 324\u201331","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v59n0903","volume":"59","author":"T Petter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Petter T, Richter MA, Sandor P (1998) Clinical features distinguishing patients with Tourette\u2019s syndrome and obsessivecompulsive disorder from patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder without tics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59: 456\u2013459","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500220064011","volume":"34","author":"MA Pollack","year":"1977","unstructured":"Pollack MA, Cohen NL, Friedhoff AJ (1977) Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Familial occurrence and precipitation by methylphenidate therapy. Archives of Neurology 34: 630\u20132","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90023-U","volume":"27","author":"G Ratzoni","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ratzoni G, Hermesh H, Brandt H, Lauffer M, Muhitz H (1990) Clomipramine efficacy for tics, obsessions and compulsions in Tourette\u2019s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder \u2014 a case-study. Biological Psychiatry 27: 95\u20138","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(95)90109-4","volume":"36","author":"S Rauch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rauch S, Beer L, Cosgrove GR, Jenike MA (1995) Neurosurgical treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a critical review. Comprehensive Psychiatry 36: 141\u201356","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.7.791","volume":"49","author":"L Regeur","year":"1986","unstructured":"Regeur L, Pakkenberg B, Fog R, Pakkenberg H (1986) Clinical features and longterm treatment with pimozide in 65 patients with Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 49: 791\u20135","journal-title":"Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9700803109","volume":"7","author":"H Rickards","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rickards H, Hartley N, Robertson MM (1997) Seignot\u2019s paper on the treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with haloperidol. History of Psychiatry 7: 433\u2013436","journal-title":"History of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199001000-00008","volume":"29","author":"MA Riddle","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riddle MA, Hardin MT, King R, Scahill L, Woolston JL (1990) Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette\u2019s and obsessive compulsive disorders: preliminary clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29: 45\u20138","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.3.383","volume":"152","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Lees AJ (1988) The psychopathology of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a phenomenological analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 152: 383\u2013390","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.2.147","volume":"154","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Robertson MM (1989) The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. British Journal of Psychiatry 154: 147\u2013169","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700024211","volume":"19","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Lees AJ (1989) Self-injurious behaviour and the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a clinical study and review of the literature. Psychological Medicine 19: 611\u2013625","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"901000060_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.4.515","volume":"156","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Gourdie A (1990) Familial Tourette\u2019s syndrome in a large British pedigree: associated psychopathology, severity and potential for linkage analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 156: 515\u2013521","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199006000-00005","volume":"13","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Schneiden V, Lees AJ (1990) Management of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using sulpiride. Clinical Neuropharmacology 13: 229\u201335","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199210000-00010","volume":"15","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Eapen V (1992) The pharmacologic controversy of CNS stimulants in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology 15: 408\u2013425","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.1.114","volume":"162","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Channon S, Baker J, Flynn D (1993) The psychopathology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry 162: 114\u2013117","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01209.x","volume":"35","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Robertson MM (1994) Annotation: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome \u2014 an update. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35: 597\u2013611","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR133","first-page":"49","volume":"11","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robertson MM (1995) The relationship between Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Serotonin Research Suppl 11: 49\u201362","journal-title":"Journal of Serotonin Research Suppl"},{"key":"901000060_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.425","volume":"123","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robertson MM (2000) Tourette syndrome. associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain 123: 425\u2013462","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"901000060_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119601000411","volume":"10","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Scull DA, Eapen V, Trimble MR (1996) Risperidone in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a retrospective case note study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 10: 317\u201320","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.3.283","volume":"171","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Fox-Hiley PJ, Tannock C (1997) Personality disorder and psychopathology in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry 171: 283\u2013286","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198523987.001.0001","volume-title":"Tourette Syndrome: The Facts","author":"MM Robertson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Baron-Cohen S (1998) Tourette Syndrome: The Facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"901000060_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1984.54.2.427","volume":"54","author":"L Rosenberg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosenberg L, Harris JC, Singer HJS (1984) Relationship of the child behavior checklist to an independent measure of psychopathology. Psychological Reports 54: 427\u2013430","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"901000060_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.5.585","volume":"135","author":"MS Ross","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ross MS, Moldofsky H (1978) A comparison of pimozide and haloperidol in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 135: 585\u20137","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1987.tb02995.x","volume":"27","author":"FR Sallee","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sallee FR, Pollock BG, Stiller RL, Stull S, Everett G, Perel JM (1987) Pharmokinetics of pimozide in adults and children with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 776\u201381","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1057","volume":"154","author":"FR Sallee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sallee FR, Nesbitt L, Jackson C, Sine L, Sethuraman G (1997) Relative efficacy of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette\u2019s disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 154: 1057\u201362","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7163.924","volume":"317","author":"G Salmon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Salmon G, James A, Smith DM (1998) Bullying in schools: self-reported anxiety, depression and self-esteem in secondary school children. British Medical Journal 317: 924\u2013925","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"901000060_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91388-8","volume":"1","author":"PR Sanberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sanberg PR, Fogelson HM, Manderscheid PZ, Parker KW, Norman AB, McConville Bj (1988) Nicotine gum and haloperidol in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 1: 592","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"901000060_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60822-7","volume":"352","author":"PRK Sanberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sanberg PRK, Shytle RD, Silver AA (1998) Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with mecamylamine. Lancet 352: 705\u20136","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"901000060_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.122.6.665","volume":"122","author":"PL Sand","year":"1973","unstructured":"Sand PL, Carlson C (1973) Failure to establish Control overtics in the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome with behaviour therapy techniques. British Journal of Psychiatry 122: 665\u201370","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199006000-00007","volume":"10","author":"P Sandor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sandor P, Musisi S, Moldofsky H, Lang A (1990) Tourette syndrome: a follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 10: 197\u2013199","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314429","volume":"233","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sandyk R (1986) Tourette syndrome: successful treatment with clonidine and oxycodone. Journal of Neurology 233: 178\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(87)90042-7","volume":"3","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Bamford CR (1987) Estrogen as adjuvant treatment of Tourette syndrome. Pediatric Neurology 3: 122","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.63.740.510","volume":"63","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Bamford CR, Laguna J (1987) Clomiphene citrate in Tourette syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal 63: 510\u201311","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medical Journal"},{"key":"901000060_CR150","first-page":"75","volume":"7","author":"L Scahill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, Hardin MT, Rasmussen A, Makuch RW, Leckman JF (1997) Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 7: 75\u201385","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110413","volume":"11","author":"BL Scot","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scot BL, Jankovic J, Donovan DT (1996) Botulinum toxin injections into vocal cord in the treatment of malignant coprolalia associated with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Movement Disorders 11: 431\u20133","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"901000060_CR152","first-page":"23","volume":"88","author":"MJ Schwabe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schwabe MJ, Konkol RJ (1989) Treating Tourette syndrome with haloperidol: predictors of success. Wisconsin Medical Journal 88: 23\u20137","journal-title":"Wisconsin Medical Journal"},{"key":"901000060_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0407b","volume":"58","author":"NA Shapira","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shapira NA, McConville BJ, Pagnucco ML, Norman AB, Keck PE (1997) Novel use of tramadol hydrochloride in the treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome (letter) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58: 174\u20135","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.9.1183","volume":"140","author":"AK Shapiro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shapiro AK, Shapiro E, Eisenkraft GJ (1983) Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome with pimozide. American Journal of Psychiatry 140: 1183\u20136","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100081011","volume":"40","author":"AK Shapiro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shapiro AK, Shapiro E, Eisenkraft GJ (1983) Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome with clonidine and neuroleptics. Archives of General Psychiatry 40: 1235\u201340","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810080052006","volume":"46","author":"E Shapiro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Shapiro E, Shapiro AK, Fulop G, Hubbard M, Mandeli J, Nordlie J, Phillips RA (1989) Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide and place bo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 46: 722\u201330","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR157","first-page":"129","volume":"57","author":"RR Silva","year":"1996","unstructured":"Silva RR, Monoz DM, Daniel W, Barickman J, Friedhoff AJ (1996) Causes of haloperidol discontinuation in patients with Tourette\u2019s disorder: management and alternatives. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57: 129\u201335","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR158","first-page":"58","volume":"16","author":"R Silvestri","year":"1994","unstructured":"Silvestri R, Raffaele M, De Domenico P, Tisano A, Lagana A, Di Perri R (1994) Serotoninergic agents in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Acta Neurologica 16: 58\u201363","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica"},{"key":"901000060_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000120222","volume":"12","author":"HS Singer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Singer HS, Gammon K, Quaskey S (1985) Haloperidol, fluphenazine and clonidine in Tourette syndrome: controversies in treatment. Pediatric Neuroscience 12: 71\u20134","journal-title":"Pediatric Neuroscience"},{"key":"901000060_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.1.74","volume":"95","author":"HS Singer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, Rosenberg LA, Mellits ED, Denckla MB (1995) The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Pediatrics 95: 74\u201381","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"901000060_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199303000-00017","volume":"32","author":"T Spencer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spencer T, Biederman J, Kerman K, Steingard R, Wilens T (1993) Desipramine treatment of children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32: 354\u201360","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR162","first-page":"205","volume":"32","author":"T Spencer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Steingard R, Geist D (1993) Nortriptyline treatment of children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32: 205\u201310","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199410000-00016","volume":"33","author":"T Spencer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T (1994) Tricyclic antidepressant treatment of children with ADHD and tic disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33: 1203\u20134","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00406","volume":"39","author":"T Spencer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, O\u2019Donnell D, Wilens T, Faraone S, Coffey B, Geller D (1998) Disentangling the overlap between Tourette\u2019s disorder and ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39: 1037\u20131044","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0306","volume":"58","author":"DJ Stein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Bouwer C, Hawkridge S, Emsley RA (1997) Risperidone augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58: 119\u201322","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR166","first-page":"345","volume":"15","author":"JS Stern","year":"1977","unstructured":"Stern JS, Robertson MM (1977) Tics associated with autistic and pervasive developmental disorders. Neurologic Clinics of North America 15: 345\u201355","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"901000060_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1985.39.2.277","volume":"39","author":"L Storms","year":"1985","unstructured":"Storms L (1985) Massed negative practice as a behavioral treatment for Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. American Journal of Psychotherapy 39: 277\u201381","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychotherapy"},{"key":"901000060_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00016","volume":"28","author":"J Sverd","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sverd J, Gadow KD, Paolicelli LM (1989) Methylphenidate treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28: 574\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199503000-00015","volume":"34","author":"SE Swedo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Swedo SE (1995) Case study: a new infection triggered autoimmune subtype of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 307\u201311","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","volume":"155","author":"SE Swedo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S, Dow S, Zamkoff J, Dubbert BK, Lougee L (1998) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. American Journal of Psychiatry 155: 264\u2013271","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760180095012","volume":"31","author":"RD Sweet","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sweet RD, Bruun R, Shapiro AK (1974) Presynaptic catecholamine antagonists as treatment for Tourette syndrome. Effects of alpha methyl para tyrosine and tetrabenazine. Archives of General Psychiatry 31: 857\u201361","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050067","volume":"7","author":"E Taylor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Taylor E, Sergeant J, Doepfner M, Overmeyer S, M\u00f6bius H-J, Eisert H-G (1998) Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 7: 184\u2013200","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR173","first-page":"139","volume":"15","author":"JI Teoh","year":"1974","unstructured":"Teoh JI (1974) Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a study of the treatment of six cases by mass negative practice and without haloperidol. Singapore Medical Journal 15: 139\u201346","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"key":"901000060_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1962.tb06540.x","volume":"51","author":"E Torup","year":"1962","unstructured":"Torup E (1962) A follow-up study of children with tics. Acta Pediatrica 51: 261\u2013268","journal-title":"Acta Pediatrica"},{"key":"901000060_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130348","volume":"13","author":"MR Trimble","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trimble MR, Whurr R, Brookes G, Robertson MM (1998) Vocal tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated with Botulinum toxin injections. Movement Disorders 13: 617\u20139","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"901000060_CR176","first-page":"128","volume":"6","author":"SB Uhr","year":"1986","unstructured":"Uhr SB, Pruitt B, Berger PA, Stahl SM (1986) Case report of four patients with Tourette syndrome treated with piquindone, aD2 receptor antagonist. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 6: 128\u201330","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"901000060_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05964-9","volume":"353","author":"W Vandewalle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vandewalle W, VanderLinden C, Groenewegen HJ, Caemaert J (1999) Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus. Lancet 353: 724","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"901000060_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhulst FC, Akkerhuis GW, Althaus M (1985) Mental health in Dutch children: a cross-cultural comparison. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 72: (Suppl 323)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1985.tb10512.x"},{"key":"901000060_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050136","volume":"244","author":"U Voderholzer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Voderholzer U, Muller N, Haag C, Riemann D, Straube A (1997) Periodic limb movements during sleep are a frequent finding in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Journal of Neurology 244: 521\u20136","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"901000060_CR180","first-page":"684","volume":"59","author":"J Walkup","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walkup J, LaBuda MC, Singer HS, Brown J, Riddle MA, Hurko O (1996) Family study and segregation analysis of Tourette syndrome: evidence for a mixed model of inheritance. American Journal of Human Genetics 59: 684\u2013693","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"901000060_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.11.1467","volume":"143","author":"TL Walsh","year":"1986","unstructured":"Walsh TL, Lavenstein B, Licamele WL, Bronheim S, O\u2019Leary J (1986) Calcium antagonists in the treatment of Tourette\u2019s disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 143: 1467\u20138","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80048-4","volume":"12","author":"RR Wand","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wand RR, Fulton WA, Shady GA, Champion LM, Hubka G (1988) Tourette syndrome and medical treatments in Canada. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 12: 229\u201331","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"901000060_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80010-7","volume":"17","author":"RR Wand","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wand RR, Matazow GS, Shady GA, Furer P, Staley D (1993) Tourette syndrome: associated symptoms and most disabling features. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 17: 271\u2013275","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"901000060_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.6.401","volume":"89","author":"RA Weeks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weeks RA, Turjanski N, Brooks DJ (1996) Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a disorder of cingulate and orbitofrontal function. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 89: 401\u20138","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"901000060_CR185","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Behavior disturbance in children with Tourette Syndrome","author":"RS Wilson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wilson RS, Garron DC, Tanner CM, Klawans HL (1982) Behavior disturbance in children with Tourette Syndrome. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN (Eds) Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. New York: Raven Press, pp 329\u2013333"},{"key":"901000060_CR186","first-page":"1618","volume":"36","author":"DL Wodrich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wodrich DL, benjamin E, Lachar D (1997) Tourette\u2019s syndrome and psychopathology in a child psychiatry setting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36: 1618\u20131624","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"901000060_CR187","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems. Tenth Revision","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (1992) International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems. Tenth Revision. Geneva: World Health Organisation"},{"key":"901000060_CR188","first-page":"211","volume":"16","author":"L Wu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wu L, Li H, Kang L (1996) 156 cases of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated by acupuncture. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 16: 211\u20133","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"901000060_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.29.148.537","volume":"29","author":"DM Zausmer","year":"1954","unstructured":"Zausmer DM (1954) The treatment of tics in childhood; a review and follow-up study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 29: 537\u2013542","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"901000060_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01616.x","volume":"38","author":"A Zohar","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zohar A, Bruno R (1997) Normative and pathological obsessive-compulsive behavior and ideation in childhood: a question of timing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38: 993\u2013999","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s007870070020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s007870070020\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s007870070020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T08:52:17Z","timestamp":1704617537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s007870070020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]}},"alternative-id":["901000060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007870070020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8827","1435-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]}}}