{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:54:13Z","timestamp":1785333253792,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["19K18679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K18679"]}]},{"name":"Saitama Medical University Hospital Fund for Supporting Young Researcher","award":["24E112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24E112"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009337","name":"Saitama Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Mol Morphol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Human endometrium is the major target tissue for sex steroid hormones. The circulating steroid hormones in normal ovulatory cycles accurately control the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrial cells. Androgens, such as testosterone and 5\u03b1-dihydrotestosterone, are a type of sex steroid hormones that mainly function in the differentiation, development, and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. Although androgens are best known for their role in male reproduction, the androgen receptor is present in both male and female reproductive organs and is essential for normal reproductive function. Recently, a series of evidence suggests that androgens contribute to endometrial physiology and pathologies. However, the roles of androgens in the endometrium remain insufficiently understood, with contradictory findings being reported. This review summarizes the studies that show the role of androgens in regulating the physiological conditions of the endometrium and the implantation process, and endometrial pathology including endometriosis and others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-025-00430-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:44:52Z","timestamp":1741589092000},"page":"93-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Androgens modulate endometrial function"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ko","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousuke","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunnsuke","family":"Tamaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4853-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"430_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2000.0121","volume":"4","author":"C Sim\u00f3n","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n C, Mart\u00edn JC, Pellicer A (2000) Paracrine regulators of implantation. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 4:815\u2013826","journal-title":"Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"430_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2000.0118","volume":"14","author":"BA Lessey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lessey BA (2000) Endometrial receptivity and the window of implantation. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 14:775\u2013788","journal-title":"Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"430_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml033","volume":"12","author":"T Strowitzki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strowitzki T, Germeyer A, Popovici R, von Wolff M (2006) The human endometrium as a fertility-determining factor. Hum Reprod Update 12:617\u2013630","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"430_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55259-5","volume":"58","author":"PA Bergh","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bergh PA, Navot D (1992) The impact of embryonic development and endometrial maturity on the timing of implantation. Fertil Steril 58:537\u2013542","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"430_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506736102","volume":"103","author":"H Shiina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shiina H, Matsumoto T, Sato T, Igarashi K, Miyamoto J, Takemasa S, Sakari M, Takada I, Nakamura T, Metzger D, Chambon P, Kanno J, Yoshikawa H, Kato S (2006) Premature ovarian failure in androgen receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:224\u2013229","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"430_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212474399","volume":"99","author":"S Yeh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yeh S, Tsai MY, Xu Q, Mu XM, Lardy H, Huang KE, Lin H, Yeh SD, Altuwaijri S, Zhou X, Xing L, Boyce BF, Hung MC, Zhang S, Gan L, Chang C (2002) Generation and characterization of androgen receptor knockout (ARKO) mice: an in vivo model for the study of androgen functions in selective tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13498\u201313503","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0013","volume":"32","author":"WL Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller WL, Auchus RJ (2011) The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr Rev 32(1):81\u2013151","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31823874a4","volume":"60","author":"N Sharifi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharifi N (2012) The 5\u03b1-androstanedione pathway to dihydrotestosterone in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Investig Med 60(2):504\u2013507","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-214","volume":"2","author":"AC Villablanca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Villablanca AC, Tetali S, Altman R, Ng KF, Rutledge JC (2013) Testosterone-derived estradiol production by male endothelium is robust and dependent on p450 aromatase via estrogen receptor alpha. Springerplus 2(1):214","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"10","key":"430_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqaa137","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa137","volume":"161","author":"DC Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks DC, Coon VJS, Ercan CM, Xu X, Dong H, Levine JE, Bulun SE, Zhao H (2020) Brain aromatase and the regulation of sexual activity in male mice. Endocrinology 161(10):bqaa137","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"430_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.05.032","volume":"121","author":"PS Cooke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooke PS, Walker WH (2022) Nonclassical androgen and estrogen signaling is essential for normal spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 121:71\u201381","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"430_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02985-0","volume":"77","author":"HG Burger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burger HG (2002) Androgen production in women. Fertil Steril 77(Suppl 4):S3-5","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.143749","volume":"17","author":"G Kulik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kulik G (2015) Personalized prostate cancer therapy based on systems analysis of the apoptosis regulatory network. Asian J Androl 17(3):471\u2013474","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"21","key":"430_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215417","volume":"13","author":"A Jacob","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacob A, Raj R, Allison DB, Myint ZW (2021) Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer and therapeutic strategies. Cancers (Basel) 13(21):5417","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1552989","volume":"33","author":"C Campana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campana C, Pezzi V, Rainey WE (2015) Cell-based assays for screening androgen receptor ligands. Semin Reprod Med 33(3):225\u2013234","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"430_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401123101","volume":"101","author":"PL Shaffer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shaffer PL, Jivan A, Dollins DE, Claessens F, Gewirth DT (2004) Structural basis of androgen receptor binding to selective androgen response elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(14):4758\u20134763","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"430_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32611","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32611","volume":"6","author":"S Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson S, Qi J, Filipp FV (2016) Refinement of the androgen response element based on ChIP-Seq in androgen-insensitive and androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 6:32611","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.10.174","volume":"325","author":"K Horie-Inoue","year":"2004","unstructured":"Horie-Inoue K, Bono H, Okazaki Y, Inoue S (2004) Identification and functional analysis of consensus androgen response elements in human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 325(4):1312\u20131317","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"430_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.436","volume":"30","author":"K Takayama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takayama K, Tsutsumi S, Katayama S, Okayama T, Horie-Inoue K, Ikeda K, Urano T, Kawazu C, Hasegawa A, Ikeo K, Gojyobori T, Ouchi Y, Hayashizaki Y, Aburatani H, Inoue S (2011) Integration of cap analysis of gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis on array reveals genome-wide androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 30(5):619\u2013630","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10866-1","volume":"7","author":"N Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta N, Sudhakar DVS, Gangwar PK, Sankhwar SN, Gupta NJ, Chakraborty B, Thangaraj K, Gupta G, Rajender S (2017) Mutations in the prostate specific antigen (PSA\/KLK3) correlate with male infertility. Sci Rep 7(1):11225","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"430_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(96)02567-5","volume":"70","author":"HJ Mertens","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mertens HJ, Heineman MJ, Koudstaal J, Theunissen P, Evers JL (1996) Androgen receptor content in human endometrium. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 70:11\u201313","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"430_CR22","first-page":"2668","volume":"86","author":"OD Slayden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Slayden OD, Nayak NR, Burton KA, Chwalisz K, Cameron ST, Critchley HO, Baird DT, Brenner RM (2001) Progesterone antagonists increase androgen receptor expression in the rhesus macaque and human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2668\u20132679","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90632-3","volume":"126","author":"MY Dawood","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dawood MY, Saxena BB (1976) Plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in ovulatory and anovulatory cycles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:430\u2013435","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"430_CR24","first-page":"971","volume":"84","author":"C Massafra","year":"1999","unstructured":"Massafra C, De Felice C, Agnusdei DP, Gioia D, Bagnoli F (1999) Androgens and osteocalcin during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:971\u2013974","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/09513598809023620","volume":"2","author":"C Vermeulen-Meiners","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vermeulen-Meiners C, Poortman J, Nabuurs M, Thijssen JH (1988) The endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of androgens in normal human premenopausal endometrium, myometrium and vagina. Gynecol Endocrinol 2:121\u2013130","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"430_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991042","volume":"25","author":"B Gellersen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gellersen B, Brosens IA, Brosens JJ (2007) Decidualization of the human endometrium: mechanisms, functions, and clinical perspectives. Semin Reprod Med 25:445\u2013453","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"430_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0118","volume":"20","author":"T Kajihara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kajihara T, Jones M, Fusi L, Takano M, Feroze-Zaidi F, Pirianov G, Mehmet H, Ishihara O, Higham JM, Lam EW, Brosens JJ (2006) Differential expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a confers resistance to oxidative cell death upon endometrial decidualization. Mol Endocrinol 20:2444\u20132455","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"430_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10394","volume":"99","author":"K Ito","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ito K, Suzuki T, Akahira J, Moriya T, Kaneko C, Utsunomiya H, Yaegashi N, Okamura K, Sasano H (2002) Expression of androgen receptor and 5alpha-reductases in the human normal endometrium and its disorders. Int J Cancer 99:652\u2013657","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"430_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod42.1.120","volume":"42","author":"Y Chandrasekhar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar Y, Armstrong DT, Kennedy TG (1990) Implantation delay and antideciduogenic activity in the rat by the anti-androgen, hydroxyflutamide. Biol Reprod 42:120\u2013125","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"430_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0356","volume":"149","author":"B Cloke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cloke B, Huhtinen K, Fusi L, Kajihara T, Yliheikkil\u00e4 M, Ho KK, Teklenburg G, Lavery S, Jones MC, Trew G, Kim JJ, Lam EW, Cartwright JE, Poutanen M, Brosens JJ (2008) The androgen and progesterone receptors regulate distinct gene networks and cellular functions in decidualizing endometrium. Endocrinology 149:4462\u20134474","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"430_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.10.017","volume":"97","author":"T Kajihara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kajihara T, Tochigi H, Prechapanich J, Uchino S, Itakura A, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O (2012) Androgen signaling in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells enhances resistance to oxidative stress. Fertil Steril 97:185\u2013191","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"430_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719113497280","volume":"21","author":"T Kajihara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kajihara T, Tanaka K, Oguro T, Tochigi H, Prechapanich J, Uchino S, Itakura A, Su\u0107urovi\u0107 S, Murakami K, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O (2014) Androgens modulate the morphological characteristics of human endometrial stromal cells decidualized in vitro. Reprod Sci 21:372\u2013380","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"430_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.09.005","volume":"47","author":"T Wongwananuruk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wongwananuruk T, Sato T, Kajihara T, Matsumoto S, Akita M, Tamura K, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O (2016) Endometrial androgen signaling and decidualization regulate trophoblast expansion and invasion in co-culture: a time-lapse study. Placenta 47:56\u201362","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"430_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-013-0018-z","volume":"46","author":"T Kajihara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kajihara T, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O (2013) The role of FOXO1 in the decidual transformation of the endometrium and early pregnancy. Med Mol Morphol 46:61\u201368","journal-title":"Med Mol Morphol"},{"key":"430_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm011","volume":"13","author":"K Diedrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Diedrich K, Fauser BC, Devroey P, Griesinger G, Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR) Workshop Group (2007) The role of the endometrium and embryo in human implantation. Hum Reprod Update 13:365\u2013377","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"430_CR36","first-page":"3078","volume":"83","author":"ES Knochenhauer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz R (1998) Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3078\u20133082","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb12978.x","volume":"100","author":"M Tulppala","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tulppala M, Stenman UH, Cacciatore B, Ylikorkala O (1993) Polycystic ovaries and levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in recurrent miscarriage: prospective study in 50 women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 100:348\u2013352","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"430_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138250","volume":"8","author":"AH Balen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Balen AH, MacDougall J, Tan SL (1993) The influence of the number of embryos transferred in 1060 in-vitro fertilization pregnancies on miscarriage rates and pregnancy outcome. Hum Reprod 8:1324\u20131328","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"430_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6655.1027","volume":"297","author":"M Sagle","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sagle M, Bishop K, Ridley N, Alexander FM, Michel M, Bonney RC, Beard RW, Franks S (1988) Recurrent early miscarriage and polycystic ovaries. BMJ 297:1027\u20131028","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"430_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.2.297","volume":"66","author":"KB Apparao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Apparao KB, Lovely LP, Gui Y, Lininger RA, Lessey BA (2002) Elevated endometrial androgen receptor expression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Biol Reprod 66:297\u2013304","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"430_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021072","volume":"88","author":"D Cermik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cermik D, Selam B, Taylor HS (2003) Regulation of HOXA-10 expression by testosterone in vitro and in the endometrium of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:238\u2013243","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.03.005","volume":"20","author":"LC Giudice","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giudice LC (2006) Endometrium in PCOS: implantation and predisposition to endocrine CA. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:235\u2013244","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00711-1","volume":"74","author":"EM Tuckerman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tuckerman EM, Okon MA, Li T, Laird SM (2000) Do androgens have a direct effect on endometrial function? An in vitro study. Fertil Steril 74:771\u2013779","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"430_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00007-7","volume":"69","author":"MA Okon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Okon MA, Laird SM, Tuckerman EM, Li TC (1998) Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function. Fertil Steril 69:682\u2013690","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"430_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.18","volume":"14","author":"S Bussen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bussen S, S\u00fctterlin M, Steck T (1999) Endocrine abnormalities during the follicular phase in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 14:18\u201320","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"430_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa357","volume":"36","author":"E Elenis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elenis E, Desroziers E, Persson S, Sundstr\u00f6m Poromaa I, Campbell RE (2021) Early initiation of anti-androgen treatment is associated with increased probability of spontaneous conception leading to childbirth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based multiregistry cohort study in Sweden. Hum Reprod 36:1427\u20131435","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"430_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02104-z","volume":"99","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Hu M, Yang F, Zhang Y, Ma S, Zhang D, Wang X, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Wu X, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m M, Shao LR, Billig H (2021) Increased uterine androgen receptor protein abundance results in implantation and mitochondrial defects in pregnant rats with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. J Mol Med (Berl) 99:1427\u20131446","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"430_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2366","volume":"97","author":"D Gonzalez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonzalez D, Thackeray H, Lewis PD, Mantani A, Brook N, Ahuja K, Margara R, Joels L, White JO, Conlan RS (2012) Loss of WT1 expression in the endometrium of infertile PCOS patients: a hyperandrogenic effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:957\u2013966","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.06.029","volume":"98","author":"RO Burney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burney RO, Giudice LC (2012) Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 98:511\u2013519","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"430_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(40)91238-8","volume":"40","author":"J Sampson","year":"1940","unstructured":"Sampson J (1940) The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 40:549\u2013557","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"430_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804690","volume":"360","author":"SE Bulun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bulun SE (2009) Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 360:268\u2013279","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"430_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.08.046","volume":"85","author":"PA Klemmt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klemmt PA, Carver JG, Kennedy SH, Koninckx PR, Mardon HJ (2006) Stromal cells from endometriotic lesions and endometrium from women with endometriosis have reduced decidualization capacity. Fertil Steril 85:564\u2013572","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"430_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2188","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1913","volume":"99","author":"K Huhtinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huhtinen K, Saloniemi-Heinonen T, Keski-Rahkonen P, Desai R, Laajala D, St\u00e5hle M, H\u00e4kkinen MR, Awosanya M, Suvitie P, Kujari H, Aittokallio T, Handelsman DJ, Auriola S, Perheentupa A, Poutanen M (2014) Intra-tissue steroid profiling indicates differential progesterone and testosterone metabolism in the endometrium and endometriosis lesions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E2188\u2013E2197","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"430_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01521.x","volume":"115","author":"MM Carneiro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carneiro MM, Morsch DM, Camargos AF, Reis FM, Spritzer PM (2008) Androgen receptor and 5alpha-reductase are expressed in pelvic endometriosis. BJOG 115:113\u2013117","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"430_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115592709","volume":"22","author":"H Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang H, Kang K, Cheng C, Mamillapalli R, Taylor HS (2015) Integrative analysis reveals regulatory programs in endometriosis. Reprod Sci 22:1060\u20131072","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"430_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S1658-3876(09)50040-4","volume":"2","author":"NA Shaik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shaik NA, Govindan S, Kodati V, Rao KP, Hasan Q (2009) Polymorphic (CAG)n repeats in the androgen receptor gene: a risk marker for endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2:289\u2013293","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther"},{"key":"430_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2003.11.002","volume":"11","author":"D Lattuada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lattuada D, Vigan\u00f2 P, Somigliana E, Odorizzi MP, Vignali M, Di Blasio AM (2004) Androgen receptor gene cytosine, adenine, and guanine trinucleotide repeats in patients with endometriosis. J Soc Gynecol Investig 11:237\u2013240","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"430_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01894-5","volume":"76","author":"YY Hsieh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hsieh YY, Chang CC, Tsai FJ, Wu JY, Tsai CH, Tsai HD (2001) Androgen receptor trinucleotide polymorphism in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 76:412\u2013413","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["Medical Molecular Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00795-025-00430-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00795-025-00430-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00795-025-00430-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T10:03:56Z","timestamp":1748081036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00795-025-00430-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00795-025-00430-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-1480","1860-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1860-1480","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}